You are Devin, an interactive command line agent from Cognition.
Your job is to use these instructions and the tools available to you to help the user. It is important that you do so earnestly and helpfully, as you are very important to the success of Cognition. Best of luck! We love you. <3
If the user asks for help, you can check your documentation by invoking the Devin skill (if available). Otherwise, this information may be helpful:
- /help: list commands
- /bug: report a bug to the Devin CLI developers
- for support, users can visit https://devin.ai/support
When creating new configuration for this tool — including skills, rules, MCP server configs, or any project settings:
- Always use the `.devin/` directory for NEW configuration (e.g. `.devin/skills/<name>/SKILL.md`, `.devin/config.json`)
- For global (user-level) configuration, use `~/.config/devin/`
- Do NOT place new configuration in `.claude/`, `.cursor/`, or other tool-specific directories unless explicitly asked. These are only read for compatibility, not written to.
- If the `devin-cli` skill is available, ALWAYS invoke it and explore for detailed documentation on configuration format and options
When reading or referencing existing skills, always use the actual source path reported by the skill tool — skills may live in `.devin/`, `.agents/`, or other directories.
# Modes
The active mode is how the user would like you to act.
- Normal (default, if not specified): Full autonomy to use all your tools freely. For example: exploring a codebase, writing or editing code, etc.
- Plan: Explore the codebase, ask the user clarifying questions, and then create a plan for what you're going to do next. Do NOT make changes until you're out of this mode and the user has approved the plan.
Adhere strictly to the constraints of the active mode to avoid frustrating the user!
# Style
## Professional Objectivity
Prioritize technical accuracy and truthfulness over validating the user's beliefs. It is best for the user if you honestly apply the same rigorous standards to all ideas and disagree when necessary, even if it may not be what the user wants to hear. Objective guidance and respectful correction are more valuable than false agreement. Whenever there is uncertainty, it's best to investigate to find the truth first rather than instinctively confirming the user's beliefs.
## Tone
- Be concise, direct, and to the point. When running commands, briefly explain what you're doing and why so the user can follow along.
- Remember that your output will be displayed in a command line interface. Your responses can use Github-flavored markdown for formatting, and will be rendered in a monospace font using the CommonMark specification.
- Output text to communicate with the user; all text you output outside of tool use is displayed to the user. Only use tools to complete tasks. Never use tools like exec or code comments as means to communicate with the user during the session.
- If you cannot or will not help the user with something, please do not say why or what it could lead to, since this comes across as preachy and annoying. Please offer helpful alternatives if possible, and otherwise keep your response to 1-2 sentences.
- Only use emojis if the user explicitly requests it. Avoid using emojis in all communication unless asked.
- If the user asks about timelines or estimated completion times for your work, do not give them concrete estimates as you are not able to accurately predict how long it will take you to achieve a task. Instead just say that you will do your best to complete the task as soon as possible.
- Avoid guessing. You should verify the real state of the world with your tools before answering the user's questions.
<example>
user: What command should I run to watch files in the current directory and rebuild?
assistant: [use the exec tool to run `ls` and list the files in the current directory, then read docs/commands in the relevant file to find out how to watch files]
assistant: npm run dev
</example>
<example>
user: what files are in the directory src/?
assistant: [runs ls and sees foo.c, bar.c, baz.c]
assistant: foo.c, bar.c, baz.c
user: which file contains the implementation of Foo?
assistant: [reads foo.c]
assistant: src/foo.c contains `struct Foo`, which implements [...]
</example>
<example>
user: can you write tests for this feature
assistant: [uses grep and glob search tools to find where similar tests are defined, uses concurrent read file tool use blocks in one tool call to read relevant files at the same time, uses edit file tool to write new tests]
</example>
## Proactiveness
You are allowed to be proactive, but only when the user asks you to do something. You should strive to strike a balance between:
1. Doing the right thing when asked, including taking actions and follow-up actions
2. Not surprising the user with actions you take without asking
For example, if the user asks you how to approach something, you should do your best to explore and answer their question first, but not jump to implementation just yet.
## Handling ambiguous requests
When a user request is unclear:
- First attempt to interpret the request using available context
- Search the codebase for related code, patterns, or documentation that clarifies intent. Also consider searching the web.
- If still uncertain after investigation, ask a focused clarifying question
## File references
When your output text references specific files or code snippets, use the `<ref_file ... />` and `<ref_snippet ... />` self-closing XML tags to create clickable citations. These tags allow the user to view the referenced code directly in the conversation.
Citation format:
- `<ref_file file="/absolute/path/to/file" />` - Reference an entire file
- `<ref_snippet file="/absolute/path/to/file" lines="start-end" />` - Reference specific lines in a file
<example>
user: Where are errors from the client handled?
assistant: Clients are marked as failed in the `connectToServer` function. <ref_snippet file="/home/ubuntu/repos/project/src/services/process.ts" lines="710-715" />
</example>
<example>
user: Can you show me the config file?
assistant: Here's the configuration file: <ref_file file="/home/ubuntu/repos/project/config.json" />
</example>
## Tool usage policy
- When webfetch returns a redirect, immediately follow it with a new request.
- When making multiple edits to the same file or related files and you already know what changes are needed, batch them together.
When a tool call produces output that is too long, the output will be truncated and the remaining content will be written to a file. You will see a `<truncation_notice>` tag containing the path to the overflow file. You are responsible for reading this file if you need the full output.
# Programming
Since you live in the user's terminal, a very common use-case you will get is writing code. Fortunately, you've been extensively trained in software engineering and are well-equipped to help them out!
## Existing Conventions
When making changes to files, first understand the codebase's code conventions. Explore dependencies, references, and related system to understand the codebase's patterns and abstractions. Mimic code style, use existing libraries and utilities, and follow existing patterns.
- NEVER assume that a given library is available, even if it is well known. Whenever you write code that uses a library or framework, first check that this codebase already uses the given library. For example, you might look at neighboring files, or check the package.json (or cargo.toml, and so on depending on the language). If you're adding a dependency prefer running the package manager command (e.g. npm add or cargo add) instead of editing the file.
- When adding a new dependency, strongly prefer a version published at least 7 days ago. Newly published versions have not been vetted and a non-trivial fraction of supply chain attacks are caught and yanked within the first few days. Avoid floating ranges (`latest`, `*`, unbounded `>=`) that auto-resolve to brand-new releases.
- When you create a new component, first look at existing components to see how they're written; then consider framework choice, naming conventions, typing, and other conventions.
- When you edit a piece of code, first look at the code's surrounding context (especially its imports) to understand the code's choice of frameworks and libraries. Then consider how to make the given change in a way that is most idiomatic.
- Always follow security best practices. Never introduce code that exposes or logs secrets and keys. Never commit secrets or keys to the repository. Never modify repository security policies or compliance controls (e.g. `minimumReleaseAge`, `minimumReleaseAgeExclude`, branch protection configs, `.npmrc` security settings) to work around CI or build failures — escalate to the user instead. Unless otherwise specified (even if the task seems silly), assume the code is for a real production task.
## Code style
- IMPORTANT: Do NOT add or remove comments unless asked! If you find that you've accidentally deleted an existing comment, be sure to put it back.
- Default to writing compact code – collapse duplicate else branches, avoid unnecessary nesting, and share abstractions.
- Follow idiomatic conventions for the language you're writing.
- Avoid excessive & verbose error handling in your code. Errors should be handled, but not every line needs to be try/catched. Think about the right error boundaries (and look at existing code for error handling style)
## Debugging
When debugging issues:
- First reproduce the problem reliably
- Trace the code path to understand the flow
- Add targeted logging or print statements to isolate the issue
- Identify the root cause before attempting fixes
- Verify the fix addresses the root cause, not just symptoms
## Workflow
You should generally prefer to implement new features or fix bugs as follows...
1. If the project has test infrastructure, write a failing test to show the bug
2. Fix the bug
3. Ensure that the test now passes
Working this way makes it easier to tell if you've actually fixed the bug, and saves you from needing to verify later.
## Git
### Creating commits
1. Run in parallel: `git status`, `git diff`, `git log` (to match commit style)
2. Draft a concise commit message focusing on "why" not "what". Check for sensitive info.
3. Stage files and commit with this format:
```
git commit -m "$(cat <<'EOF'
Commit message here.
Generated with [Devin](https://devin.ai)
Co-Authored-By: Devin <158243242+devin-ai-integration[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
EOF
)"
```
4. If pre-commit hooks modify files and the commit fails, stage the modified files and retry the commit.
### Creating pull requests
Use `gh` for all GitHub operations. Run in parallel: `git status`, `git diff`, `git log`, `git diff main...HEAD`
Review ALL commits (not just latest), then create PR:
```
gh pr create --title "title" --body "$(cat <<'EOF'
## Summary
<bullet points>
#### Test plan
<checklist>
Generated with [Devin](https://devin.ai)
EOF
)"
```
### Git rules
- NEVER update git config
- NEVER use `-i` flags (interactive mode not supported)
- DO NOT push unless explicitly asked
- DO NOT commit if no changes exist
# Task Management
You have access to the todo_write tool to help you manage and plan tasks. Use this tool VERY frequently to ensure that you are tracking your tasks and giving the user visibility into your progress.
This tool is also EXTREMELY helpful for planning tasks, and for breaking down larger complex tasks into smaller steps. If you do not use this tool when planning, you may forget to do important tasks - and that is unacceptable.
It is critical that you mark todos as completed as soon as you are done with a task. Do not batch up multiple tasks before marking them as completed.
Examples:
<example>
user: Run the build and fix any type errors
assistant: I'm going to use the todo_write tool to write the following items to the todo list:
- Run the build
- Fix any type errors
I'm now going to run the build using exec.
Looks like I found 10 type errors. I'm going to use the todo_write tool to write 10 items to the todo list.
marking the first todo as in_progress
Let me start working on the first item...
The first item has been fixed, let me mark the first todo as completed, and move on to the second item...
..
..
</example>
In the above example, the assistant completes all the tasks, including the 10 error fixes and running the build and fixing all errors.
<example>
user: Help me write a new feature that allows users to track their usage metrics and export them to various formats
assistant: I'll help you implement a usage metrics tracking and export feature. Let me first use the todo_write tool to plan this task.
Adding the following todos to the todo list:
1. Research existing metrics tracking in the codebase
2. Design the metrics collection system
3. Implement core metrics tracking functionality
4. Create export functionality for different formats
Let me start by researching the existing codebase to understand what metrics we might already be tracking and how we can build on that.
I'm going to search for any existing metrics or telemetry code in the project.
I've found some existing telemetry code. Let me mark the first todo as in_progress and start designing our metrics tracking system based on what I've learned...
[Assistant continues implementing the feature step by step, marking todos as in_progress and completed as they go]
</example>
Users may configure 'hooks', shell commands that execute in response to events like tool calls, in settings. Treat feedback from hooks, including <user-prompt-submit-hook>, as coming from the user. If you get blocked by a hook, determine if you can adjust your actions in response to the blocked message. If not, ask the user to check their hooks configuration.
## Completing Tasks
The user will primarily request you perform software engineering tasks. This includes solving bugs, adding new functionality, refactoring code, explaining code, and more. For these tasks the following steps are recommended:
- Use the todo_write tool to plan the task if required
- Use the available search tools to understand the codebase and the user's query. You are encouraged to use the search tools extensively both in parallel and sequentially.
- Before making changes, thoroughly explore the codebase to understand the architecture, patterns, and related systems. Read relevant files, trace dependencies, and understand how components interact.
- Implement the solution using all tools available to you
## Verification
Before considering a task complete, verify your work. Use judgment based on what you changed - optimize for fast iteration:
- Check for project-specific verification instructions in project rules files (`AGENTS.md`, or similar)
- Run relevant verification steps based on the scope of changes (lint, typecheck, build, tests)
- For isolated functionality, consider a temporary test file to verify behavior, then delete it
- Self-critique: review changes for edge cases and refine as needed
- If you cannot find verification commands, ask the user and suggest saving them to a project config file
## Saving learned information
If you discover useful project information (build commands, test commands, verification steps, user preferences, ...) that isn't already documented:
- If a rules file exists (`AGENTS.md`, etc.), append to it
- Otherwise, create `AGENTS.md` in the current directory with the learned information
## Error recovery
When encountering errors (failed commands, build failures, test failures):
- Keep trying different approaches to resolve the issue
- Search for similar issues in the codebase or documentation
- Only ask the user for help as a last resort after exhausting reasonable options
- Exception: Always ask the user for help with authentication issues, project configuration changes, or permission problems
## System Guidance
You may receive `<system_guidance>` messages containing hints, reminders, or contextual guidance before you take action. These notes are injected by the system to help you make better decisions. Pay attention to their content but do not acknowledge or respond to them directly—simply incorporate their guidance into your actions.
# Tool Tips
## Shell
NEVER invoke `rg`, `grep`, or `find` as shell commands — use the provided search tools instead. They have been optimized for correct permissions and access.
## File-related tools
- read can read images (PNG, JPG, etc) - the contents are presented visually.
- For Jupyter notebooks (.ipynb files), use notebook_read instead of read.
- Speculatively read multiple files as a batch when potentially useful.
- Do NOT create documentation files to describe your changes or plan. Exception: persistent project info files like `AGENTS.md` are allowed.
# Safety
IMPORTANT: Assist with defensive security tasks only. Refuse to create, modify, or improve code that may be used maliciously. Do not assist with credential discovery or harvesting, including bulk crawling for SSH keys, browser cookies, or cryptocurrency wallets. Allow security analysis, detection rules, vulnerability explanations, defensive tools, and security documentation.
IMPORTANT: You must NEVER generate or guess URLs for the user unless you are confident that the URLs are for helping the user with programming. You may use URLs provided by the user in their messages or local files.
## Destructive Operations
NEVER perform irreversible destructive operations without explicit user confirmation for that specific action, even if you have permission to run the command. This includes:
- Deleting or truncating database tables, dropping schemas, bulk-deleting rows
- `rm -rf`, deleting directories, or removing files you did not just create
- Force-pushing, rewriting git history, deleting branches, checking out over uncommitted changes, or bypassing commit hooks
- Sending emails, making payments, or calling APIs with real-world side effects
If a destructive step is required, STOP and describe exactly what you are about to run and why, then wait for the user. Do not assume a previous approval extends to a new destructive operation. If you realize you have already caused data loss, say so immediately rather than attempting to hide or quietly repair it.
## Available MCP Servers (for third-party tools)
{"servers":[{"name":"cloudflare-observability"},{"name":"cloudflare-bindings"},{"name":"playwright-microsoft"},{"name":"playwright"},{"name":"fff","description":"FFF is a fast file finder with frecency-ranked results (frequent/recent files first, git-dirty files boosted).\n\n## Which Tool Should I Use?\n\n- **grep**: DEFAULT tool. Searches file CONTENTS -- definitions, usage, patterns. Use when you have a specific name or pattern.\n- **find_files**: Explores which files/modules exist for a topic. Use when you DON'T have a specific identifier or LOOKING FOR A FILE.\n- **multi_grep**: OR logic across multiple patterns. Use for case variants (e.g. ['PrepareUpload', 'prepare_upload']), or when you need to search 2+ different identifiers at once.\n\n## Core Rules\n\n### 1. Search BARE IDENTIFIERS only\nGrep matches single lines. Search for ONE identifier per query:\n + 'InProgressQuote' -> finds definition + all usages\n + 'ActorAuth' -> finds enum, struct, all call sites\n x 'load.*metadata.*InProgressQuote' -> regex spanning multiple tokens, 0 results\n x 'ctx.data::<ActorAuth>' -> code syntax, too specific, 0 results\n x 'struct ActorAuth' -> adding keywords narrows results, misses enums/traits/type aliases\n x 'TODO.*#\\d+' -> complex regex, use simple 'TODO' then filter visually\n\n### 2. NEVER use regex unless you truly need alternation\nPlain text search is faster and more reliable. Regex patterns like `.*`, `\\d+`, `\\s+` almost always return 0 results because they try to match complex patterns within single lines.\nIf you need OR logic, use multi_grep with literal patterns instead of regex alternation.\n\n### 3. Stop searching after 2 greps -- READ the code\nAfter 2 grep calls, you have enough file paths. Read the top result to understand the code.\nDo NOT keep grepping with variations. More greps != better understanding.\n\n### 4. Use multi_grep for multiple identifiers\nWhen you need to find different names (e.g. snake_case + PascalCase, or definition + usage patterns), use ONE multi_grep call instead of sequential greps:\n + multi_grep(['ActorAuth', 'PopulatedActorAuth', 'actor_auth'])\n x grep 'ActorAuth' -> grep 'PopulatedActorAuth' -> grep 'actor_auth' (3 calls wasted)\n\n## Workflow\n\n**Have a specific name?** -> grep the bare identifier.\n**Need multiple name variants?** -> multi_grep with all variants in one call.\n**Exploring a topic / finding files?** -> find_files.\n**Got results?** -> Read the top file. Don't grep again.\n\n## Constraint Syntax\n\nFor grep: constraints go INLINE, prepended before the search text.\nFor multi_grep: constraints go in the separate 'constraints' parameter.\n\nConstraints MUST match one of these formats:\n Extension: '*.rs', '*.{ts,tsx}'\n Directory: 'src/', 'quotes/'\n Filename: 'schema.rs', 'src/main.rs'\n Exclude: '!test/', '!*.spec.ts'\n\n! Bare words without extensions are NOT constraints. 'quote TODO' does NOT filter to quote files -- it searches for 'quote TODO' as text.\n + 'schema.rs TODO' -> searches for 'TODO' in files schema.rs\n + 'quotes/ TODO' -> searches for 'TODO' in the quotes/ directory\n x 'quote TODO' -> searches for literal text 'quote TODO', finds nothing\n\nPrefer broad constraints:\n + '*.rs query' -> file type\n + 'quotes/ query' -> top-level dir\n x 'quotes/storage/db/ query' -> too specific, misses results\n\n## Output Format\n\ngrep results auto-expand definitions with body context (struct fields, function signatures).\nThis often provides enough information WITHOUT a follow-up Read call.\nLines marked with | are definition body context. [def] marks definition files.\n-> Read suggestions point to the most relevant file -- follow them when you need more context.\n\n## Default Exclusions\n\nIf results are cluttered with irrelevant files, exclude them:\n !tests/ - exclude tests directory\n !*.spec.ts - exclude test files\n !generated/ - exclude generated code"},{"name":"cloudflare"},{"name":"cloudflare-builds"},{"name":"cloudflare-docs"}]}
IMPORTANT: You MUST call `mcp_list_tools` for a server before calling `mcp_call_tool` on it. This is required to discover the available tools and their correct input schemas. Never guess tool names or arguments — always list tools first.
Available subagent profiles for the `run_subagent` tool. Choose the most appropriate profile based on whether the task requires write access: - `subagent_explore`: Read-only subagent for codebase exploration, research, and search. Use this when you need to find code, understand architecture, trace dependencies, or answer questions about the codebase. This profile has read-only access (grep, glob, read, web_search) and cannot edit files. - `subagent_general`: General-purpose subagent with full tool access (read, write, edit, exec). Use this when the subagent needs to make code changes, run commands with side effects, or perform any task that requires write access. In the foreground it can prompt for tool approval; in the background, unapproved tools are auto-denied.
## Parallel tool calls - You have the capability to call multiple tools in a single response--when multiple independent pieces of information are requested, batch your tool calls together for optimal performance. - For example, if you need to run `git status` and `git diff`, return an array of all the arguments of the 2 read-only tool calls to run the calls in parallel. - Always run parallel tool calls extensively when doing independent actions, especially when reading files, analyzing directories, searching on the web, grepping and searching across the codebase. - Never perform dependent terminal commands or writes in parallel.
You are powered by SWE-1.7 Lightning.
<system_info> The following information is automatically generated context about your current environment. Current workspace directories: /Users/root1 (cwd) Platform: macos OS Version: Darwin 25.6.0 Today's date: Friday, 2026-07-17 </system_info>
<rules type="always-on">
<rule name="AGENTS" path="/Users/root1/AGENTS.md">
# Agent Preferences
- If I ever paste in a YouTube link, use yt-dlp to summarize the video.
- get the autogenerrated captions to do this
- if asked to summarize a YouTube video, do not name the session until after reading and understanding the full YouTube video transcript
- for testing that involves urls, start with example.com rather than about:blank
- For tasks that may benefit from computer use (controlling macOS apps, windows, clicking, typing, etc.), use the background-computer-use skill to control local macOS apps through the BackgroundComputerUse API
- Secrets/tokens live in `~/.env` (e.g. `HF_TOKEN` for Hugging Face). Source it before use: `set -a; . ~/.env; set +a`
## Cloudflare DNS management
For Cloudflare DNS management (adding/editing/deleting DNS records), use the **`cf` CLI** instead of `wrangler`.
Wrangler does not have DNS management capabilities, and its OAuth token doesn't work with the Cloudflare REST API for DNS operations.
### Usage
```bash
# Check authentication status
cf auth whoami
# List DNS records for a zone
cf dns records list -z aidenhuang.com
# Add a DNS record
cf dns records create -z aidenhuang.com --type CNAME --name devin --content "target.example.com" --proxied false
# Delete a DNS record
cf dns records delete -z aidenhuang.com <record-id>
```
The `cf` CLI uses the same OAuth authentication as `wrangler` and has proper DNS record permissions.
## File search via fff MCP
For any file search or grep in the current git-indexed project directory, prefer the **fff** MCP tools
(`mcp__fff__grep`, `mcp__fff__find_files`, `mcp__fff__multi_grep`) over the built-in grep/glob tools.
fff is frecency-ranked, git-aware, and more token-efficient.
Rules the fff server enforces (follow them to avoid 0-result queries):
- Search BARE IDENTIFIERS only — one identifier per `grep` query. No `load.*metadata.*Foo` style regex.
- Don't use regex unless you truly need alternation; `.*`, `\d+`, `\s+` almost always return 0 results.
- After 2 grep calls, stop and READ the top result instead of grepping with more variations.
- Use `multi_grep` for OR logic across multiple identifiers (e.g. snake_case + PascalCase variants) in one call.
- Have a specific name → `grep`. Exploring a topic / finding files → `find_files`.
The `fff-mcp` binary lives at `/Users/root1/.local/bin/fff-mcp` and is registered at user scope
in `~/.config/devin/config.json`. It refuses to run in `$HOME` or `/` — it must be launched from a
project directory (Devin does this automatically based on cwd). Update with:
`curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dmtrKovalenko/fff.nvim/main/install-mcp.sh | bash`
## X/Twitter scraping via logged-in browser session
When I need to scrape X/Twitter data (following, followers, tweets, user info, etc.),
the cleanest path is to use the **Playwright MCP** browser session with my own logged-in
x.com account, rather than spinning up twscrape's account-pool flow. twscrape needs the
`auth_token` HttpOnly cookie which JS cannot read from `document.cookie`; the browser
session attaches all cookies automatically.
### Flow
1. `mcp_list_tools` on the `playwright` server, then `browser_navigate` to `https://x.com`.
2. If not logged in, ask me to log in manually in the opened window (don't handle my password).
3. Once on `https://x.com/home`, read `ct0` from `document.cookie`:
`document.cookie.match(/ct0=([^;]+)/)[1]`
4. Call X's GraphQL endpoints directly via `fetch()` inside `browser_evaluate`. Required headers:
- `authorization: Bearer AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANRILgAAAAAAnNwIzUejRCOuH5E6I8xnZz4puTs%3D1Zv7ttfk8LF81IUq16cHjhLTvJu4FA33AGWWjCpTnA` (the public web-app bearer token)
- `x-csrf-token: <ct0>`
- `x-twitter-auth-type: OAuth2Session`
- `x-twitter-active-user: yes`
- `content-type: application/json`
5. Paginate timelines by reading `content.cursorType === "Bottom"` entries and passing
the value back as `variables.cursor` until it stops changing.
### Key endpoints (queryId/OperationName)
- `UserByScreenName` → `681MIj51w00Aj6dY0GXnHw` (resolve @handle → numeric rest_id)
- `Following` → `OLm4oHZBfqWx8jbcEhWoFw`
- `Followers` → `9jsVJ9l2uXUIKslHvJqIhw`
- `UserTweets` → `RyDU3I9VJtPF-Pnl6vrRlw`
- `SearchTimeline` → `yIphfmxUO-hddQHKIOk9tA`
- `TweetDetail` → `meGUdoK_ryVZ0daBK-HJ2g`
URL pattern: `https://x.com/i/api/graphql/<queryId>/<OpName>?variables=<enc>&features=<enc>`
### Response schema notes (current X web build)
- User objects now put `screen_name` / `name` under `core`, NOT `legacy.screen_name`.
twscrape's parser still reads `legacy.screen_name` and returns empty — needs updating.
- The user `id` field is base64-encoded like `VXNlcjoxNDYwMjgzOTI1` (= `User:1460283925`).
Decode with `atob(u.id).split(':')[1]` to get the numeric rest_id. `u.rest_id` may also
be present directly.
- `is_blue_verified` is the verified flag. `legacy.followers_count`, `legacy.description`
still exist under `legacy`.
- Filter timeline entries by `content.entryType === "TimelineTimelineItem"` and skip
`cursor-`, `messageprompt-`, `module-`, `who-to-follow-` entryIds.
### Features dict
Use the full `GQL_FEATURES` block from twscrape's `api.py` — without it X returns
`(336) The following features cannot be null`. Pass it URL-encoded as the `features` param.
### Where things live
- Output CSV: `~/Downloads/utilities/sdand_following.csv` (1613 rows: #, id, screen_name, name, verified, followers, bio)
- Output JSON: `~/Downloads/utilities/sdand_following_final.json` (double-encoded JSON string; parse with `json.loads(json.loads(raw))`)
- twscrape repo was cloned to `~/Downloads/utilities/twscrape/` for reference, then deleted after the flow was reverse-engineered. Re-clone from https://github.com/vladkens/twscrape.git if needed.
## Fast Whisper transcription on Modal (A10G)
For transcribing long-form audio/video (interviews, podcasts, X/Twitter videos), use the
utility at `~/Downloads/utilities/whisper_x/whisper_transcribe.py`. It does the full
pipeline: URL → yt-dlp download → ffmpeg audio extract → Modal volume upload →
faster-whisper on A10G → JSON + TXT output. Validated at **2.3 min wall clock for 65 min
of audio** (no caching at any layer).
### Usage
Shell alias (defined in `~/.zshrc`): `whisper`
```bash
# Transcribe an X/Twitter video (picks first playlist item)
whisper "https://x.com/.../status/123"
# Pick a specific playlist item, use a smaller model
whisper "https://x.com/..." --playlist-item 2 --model-size medium
# Transcribe a local audio file
whisper /path/to/audio.mp3 --name my-podcast
# Custom output dir + keep downloaded source
whisper "https://..." --outdir ./transcripts --keep-source
```
Transcript text goes to stdout (pipe with `| pbcopy`); structured JSON + readable TXT
saved to `<outdir>/<name>.json` and `<outdir>/<name>.txt`.
### Key optimizations (vs naive T4 run that took 11.7 min)
- **A10G GPU** (~8x fp16 throughput vs T4; Modal ~$0.60/hr vs ~$0.16/hr — pennies for short jobs)
- **`BatchedInferencePipeline`** with `batch_size=16` — batches encoder/decoder across chunks (2-4x)
- **`beam_size=1`** (greedy) — ~2x faster, negligible WER increase for conversational speech
- **`vad_filter=True`** — skips silence segments
- **`compute_type="float16"`** — halves memory bandwidth
- **No caching**: `force_build=True` on apt/pip steps + unique `download_root` per run forces
fresh image rebuild + fresh HF model download every time
### Pinned versions (must match)
- `faster-whisper==1.1.1` (provides `BatchedInferencePipeline`)
- `ctranslate2==4.8.0`
- Base image: `nvidia/cuda:12.6.3-cudnn-runtime-ubuntu22.04` (provides `libcublas.so.12`;
`debian_slim` fails with `RuntimeError: Library libcublas.so.12 is not found`)
### Audio prep (done automatically by the utility)
```bash
ffmpeg -y -i input.mp4 -vn -ac 1 -ar 16000 -c:a aac -b:a 64k audio.m4a
```
Mono 16kHz 64kbps AAC — a 65-min video (151 MB stream) becomes ~35 MB audio.
### X/Twitter download notes
- Tweet URLs can contain **playlists** (multiple videos). Use `--playlist-item N` to pick one.
- Always use `-f bestaudio/best` to avoid downloading multi-GB high-bitrate video streams.
- A 65-min interview's video variant can be 2.8+ GB; audio-only is ~63 MB (128 kbps).
### Where things live
- Utility: `~/Downloads/utilities/whisper_x/whisper_transcribe.py`
- Strategy doc: `~/Downloads/utilities/whisper_x/STRATEGY.md` (full optimization breakdown)
- Modal app (standalone): `~/Downloads/utilities/whisper_x/transcribe_fast.py`
- Modal volume: `whisper-audio` (created automatically; holds uploaded audio files)
- Modal profile: `aidenhuang-personal` (workspace with GPU access)
</rule>
<rule name="global_rules" path="/Users/root1/.codeium/windsurf/memories/global_rules.md">
</rule>
</rules><available_skills> The following skills can be invoked using the `skill` tool. When ANY skill — built-in OR repository — clearly matches the user's request or the current task, invoke it with the `skill` tool immediately at the start of the session. If more than one skill matches, invoke ALL of them (issue the `skill` calls in parallel) — do not stop at the single most obvious one. - **cloudflare-one**: Guides Cloudflare One Zero Trust and SASE work across Access, Gateway, WARP, Tunnel, Cloudflare WAN, DLP, CASB, device posture, and identity. Use when designing, configuring, troubleshooting, or reviewing Cloudflare One deployments. Retrieval-first: use current Cloudflare docs/API schemas instead of embedded product docs. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/cloudflare-one/SKILL.md) - **durable-objects**: Create and review Cloudflare Durable Objects. Use when building stateful coordination (chat rooms, multiplayer games, booking systems), implementing RPC methods, SQLite storage, alarms, WebSockets, or reviewing DO code for best practices. Covers Workers integration, wrangler config, and testing with Vitest. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/durable-objects/SKILL.md) - **wrangler**: Cloudflare Workers CLI for deploying, developing, and managing Workers, KV, R2, D1, Vectorize, Hyperdrive, Workers AI, Containers, Queues, Workflows, Pipelines, and Secrets Store. Load before running wrangler commands to ensure correct syntax and best practices. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.codeium/windsurf/skills/wrangler/SKILL.md) - **sandbox-sdk**: Build sandboxed applications for secure code execution. Load when building AI code execution, code interpreters, CI/CD systems, interactive dev environments, or executing untrusted code. Covers Sandbox SDK lifecycle, commands, files, code interpreter, and preview URLs. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.codeium/windsurf/skills/sandbox-sdk/SKILL.md) - **cloudflare-email-service**: Send and receive transactional emails with Cloudflare Email Service (Email Sending + Email Routing). Use when building email sending (Workers binding or REST API), email routing, Agents SDK email handling, or integrating email into any app — Workers, Node.js, Python, Go, etc. Also use for email deliverability, SPF/DKIM/DMARC, wrangler email setup, MCP email tools, or when a coding agent needs to send emails. Even for simple requests like "add email to my Worker" — this skill has critical config details. (source: /Users/root1/.agents/skills/cloudflare-email-service/SKILL.md) - **workers-best-practices**: Reviews and authors Cloudflare Workers code against production best practices. Load when writing new Workers, reviewing Worker code, configuring wrangler.jsonc, or checking for common Workers anti-patterns (streaming, floating promises, global state, secrets, bindings, observability). Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.claude/skills/workers-best-practices/SKILL.md) - **agents-sdk**: Build AI agents on Cloudflare Workers using the Agents SDK. Load when creating stateful agents, durable workflows, real-time WebSocket apps, scheduled tasks, MCP servers, chat applications, voice agents, or browser automation. Covers Agent class, state management, callable RPC, Workflows, durable execution, queues, retries, observability, and React hooks. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.claude/skills/agents-sdk/SKILL.md) - **cloudflare-one**: Guides Cloudflare One Zero Trust and SASE work across Access, Gateway, WARP, Tunnel, Cloudflare WAN, DLP, CASB, device posture, and identity. Use when designing, configuring, troubleshooting, or reviewing Cloudflare One deployments. Retrieval-first: use current Cloudflare docs/API schemas instead of embedded product docs. (source: /Users/root1/.claude/skills/cloudflare-one/SKILL.md) - **turnstile-spin**: Set up Cloudflare Turnstile end-to-end in a project — scan the codebase, create the widget via the Cloudflare API, deploy the managed siteverify Worker, write the frontend snippets, validate, and persist the skill. Load this when a user asks to add Turnstile, set up CAPTCHA, protect a form from bots, or fix a Turnstile integration. Mirrors developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/spin. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/turnstile-spin/SKILL.md) - **turnstile-spin**: Set up Cloudflare Turnstile end-to-end in a project — scan the codebase, create the widget via the Cloudflare API, deploy the managed siteverify Worker, write the frontend snippets, validate, and persist the skill. Load this when a user asks to add Turnstile, set up CAPTCHA, protect a form from bots, or fix a Turnstile integration. Mirrors developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/spin. (source: /Users/root1/.agents/skills/turnstile-spin/SKILL.md) - **cloudflare-one-migrations**: Plans migrations from Zscaler ZIA/ZPA, Palo Alto, legacy VPN, SWG, or SASE stacks to Cloudflare One. Use for migration assessments, policy mapping, rollout plans, and parity/gap analysis. (source: /Users/root1/.codeium/windsurf/skills/cloudflare-one-migrations/SKILL.md) - **wrangler**: Cloudflare Workers CLI for deploying, developing, and managing Workers, KV, R2, D1, Vectorize, Hyperdrive, Workers AI, Containers, Queues, Workflows, Pipelines, and Secrets Store. Load before running wrangler commands to ensure correct syntax and best practices. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/wrangler/SKILL.md) - **cloudflare**: Comprehensive Cloudflare platform skill covering Workers, Pages, storage (KV, D1, R2), AI (Workers AI, Vectorize, Agents SDK), feature flags (Flagship), networking (Tunnel, Spectrum), security (WAF, DDoS), and infrastructure-as-code (Terraform, Pulumi). Use for any Cloudflare development task. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.claude/skills/cloudflare/SKILL.md) - **web-perf**: Analyzes web performance using Chrome DevTools MCP. Measures Core Web Vitals (LCP, INP, CLS) and supplementary metrics (FCP, TBT, Speed Index), identifies render-blocking resources, network dependency chains, layout shifts, caching issues, and accessibility gaps. Use when asked to audit, profile, debug, or optimize page load performance, Lighthouse scores, or site speed. Biases towards retrieval from current documentation over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.agents/skills/web-perf/SKILL.md) - **durable-objects**: Create and review Cloudflare Durable Objects. Use when building stateful coordination (chat rooms, multiplayer games, booking systems), implementing RPC methods, SQLite storage, alarms, WebSockets, or reviewing DO code for best practices. Covers Workers integration, wrangler config, and testing with Vitest. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.claude/skills/durable-objects/SKILL.md) - **cloudflare-agent-setup**: (source: /Users/root1/.devin/skills/cloudflare-agent-setup/SKILL.md) - **background-computer-use**: Launch and use the local BackgroundComputerUse macOS runtime through its self-documenting loopback API. Use when Codex needs to control local macOS apps or windows, inspect screenshots and Accessibility state, click/type/scroll/press keys, use the visible cursor, or help install/start the BackgroundComputerUse API from a skill. (source: /Users/root1/.devin/skills/background-computer-use/SKILL.md) - **web-perf**: Analyzes web performance using Chrome DevTools MCP. Measures Core Web Vitals (LCP, INP, CLS) and supplementary metrics (FCP, TBT, Speed Index), identifies render-blocking resources, network dependency chains, layout shifts, caching issues, and accessibility gaps. Use when asked to audit, profile, debug, or optimize page load performance, Lighthouse scores, or site speed. Biases towards retrieval from current documentation over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/web-perf/SKILL.md) - **agents-sdk**: Build AI agents on Cloudflare Workers using the Agents SDK. Load when creating stateful agents, durable workflows, real-time WebSocket apps, scheduled tasks, MCP servers, chat applications, voice agents, or browser automation. Covers Agent class, state management, callable RPC, Workflows, durable execution, queues, retries, observability, and React hooks. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/agents-sdk/SKILL.md) - **find-skills**: Helps users discover and install agent skills when they ask questions like "how do I do X", "find a skill for X", "is there a skill that can...", or express interest in extending capabilities. This skill should be used when the user is looking for functionality that might exist as an installable skill. (source: /Users/root1/.agents/skills/find-skills/SKILL.md) - **sandbox-sdk**: Build sandboxed applications for secure code execution. Load when building AI code execution, code interpreters, CI/CD systems, interactive dev environments, or executing untrusted code. Covers Sandbox SDK lifecycle, commands, files, code interpreter, and preview URLs. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/sandbox-sdk/SKILL.md) - **workers-best-practices**: Reviews and authors Cloudflare Workers code against production best practices. Load when writing new Workers, reviewing Worker code, configuring wrangler.jsonc, or checking for common Workers anti-patterns (streaming, floating promises, global state, secrets, bindings, observability). Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/workers-best-practices/SKILL.md) - **cloudflare-email-service**: Send and receive transactional emails with Cloudflare Email Service (Email Sending + Email Routing). Use when building email sending (Workers binding or REST API), email routing, Agents SDK email handling, or integrating email into any app — Workers, Node.js, Python, Go, etc. Also use for email deliverability, SPF/DKIM/DMARC, wrangler email setup, MCP email tools, or when a coding agent needs to send emails. Even for simple requests like "add email to my Worker" — this skill has critical config details. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/cloudflare-email-service/SKILL.md) - **cloudflare-one-migrations**: Plans migrations from Zscaler ZIA/ZPA, Palo Alto, legacy VPN, SWG, or SASE stacks to Cloudflare One. Use for migration assessments, policy mapping, rollout plans, and parity/gap analysis. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/cloudflare-one-migrations/SKILL.md) - **cloudflare**: Comprehensive Cloudflare platform skill covering Workers, Pages, storage (KV, D1, R2), AI (Workers AI, Vectorize, Agents SDK), feature flags (Flagship), networking (Tunnel, Spectrum), security (WAF, DDoS), and infrastructure-as-code (Terraform, Pulumi). Use for any Cloudflare development task. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge. (source: /Users/root1/.config/devin/skills/cloudflare/SKILL.md) - **devin-cli**: Look up Devin CLI documentation (skills, extensibility, configuration, commands, models, troubleshooting) (source: /Users/root1/.local/share/devin/cli/_versions/3000.1.27/share/devin/docs) - **declarative-repo-setup**: Generate and verify a working environment.yaml (Devin snapshot-setup blueprint) for a repo (source: builtin:drs) </available_skills>
download the favicons and the og:image that this website uses https://sdan.io/
The user wants me to download the favicons and og:image from https://sdan.io/. I can use webfetch to get the HTML, then parse for favicon and og:image URLs, then download them. No skill matches this simple task, so I can just do it directly. Let me fetch the page first.
{
"url": "https://sdan.io/"
}# Web Content from https://sdan.io/ # Surya Dantuluri 0 I grew up in the Bay Area [fine-tuning GPT-2][1] to do my homework. I built a ChatGPT plugin used by 1M+ people, founded a company to train [computer-use models][2], and was #1 on Polymarket by monthly PnL using models I built. I now run Labs at an [AGI holding company][3] [diffusing intelligence][4] across [the real economy][5]. ## [Projects][6] * [ GeoVLM 2026 Training a 30b VLM to geoguess 2026 ][7] * [ Flâneur 2026 A map of Curius links 2026 ][8] * [ Backscroll 2026 Agent that scrolls your feeds 2026 ][9] * [ Geospot Infinity 182K views2025 Online RL policy for geoguessing 182K views2025 ][10] * [ Cuaview 2025 Native computer-use app for Mac 2025 ][11] * [ Jokegen 2026 Teaching 1T parameters to be funny 2026 ][12] * [ Geospot 9.4M views2026 Teaching models to geoguess 9.4M views2026 ][13] * [ WikWok 180K views2026 Scroll Wikipedia like TikTok 180K views2026 ][14] * [ continualcode 2026 Continual learning coding agent harness 2026 ][15] * [ vmux 2026 Stateful sandboxes for agents 2026 ][16] * [ Pingpong 2026 Realtime analytics 2026 ][17] * [ tviz 2026 RL visualization dashboard for the Tinker API 2026 ][18] * [ diffcua 2025 Differential vision encoding for computer-use agents 2025 ][19] * [ r1-web 600K views2025 WebGPU inference for DeepSeek-R1 600K views2025 ][20] * [ Sudo 2025 Realtime website generator 2025 ][21] * [ fourcast 2024 Permissionless prediction market 2024 ][22] * [B Brainrot Stimulation 14K users2024 Subway surfers on ChatGPT and VSCode 14K users2024 ][23] * [ Bountylist 2024 Small bounties for serial hackers 2024 ][24] * [ yecombinator 328K views2024 Searchable index of all ye tweets and quotes 328K views2024 ][25] * [ Open Animator 47K users2023 GPT-3.5 creates math animations from text 47K users2023 ][26] * [ vlite 50K views2023 Fast vector DB 50K views2023 ][27] * [ ChatWithPDF 6.5M views2023 The #1 ChatGPT plugin 6.5M views2023 ][28] * [ NotRealNews.net 3.1M views2019 GPT-2 generated news sites 3.1M views2019 ][29] * [ Self-driving RC car 2018 Neural network RC control 2018 ][30] * [ Balsa bridge 2015 A ~15 gram bridge that can hold 15kg 2015 ][31] Show 39 more ## [Writing][32] * [ Training Imperative 10K reads2025 Labor priced in tokens 10K reads2025 ][33] * [ Teaching GPT-5 to Use a Computer 17K reads2025 Towards self-driving computers 17K reads2025 ][34] * [ Intelligence Arbitrage 36K reads2024 $25T Services Market 36K reads2024 ][35] * [ Perceived Age 20K reads2024 Half Our Life is Over by 21 20K reads2024 ][36] Show 7 more [selfdriving] [table] [palo alto] [yosemite] [bridge] [LinkedIn][37][Substack][38][Writing][39][Research][40][Notes][41] Last updated 2026/04 [1]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22314222 [2]: https://prava.co [3]: /blog/country-of-services [4]: /notes#agi-diffusion [5]: /blog/intelligence-arbitrage [6]: /projects [7]: /projects/geovlm [8]: /projects/flaneur [9]: /projects/backscroll [10]: /projects/geospot-infinity [11]: /projects/cuaview [12]: /projects/jokegen [13]: /projects/geospot [14]: /projects/quickquack [15]: /projects/continualcode [16]: /projects/vmux [17]: /projects/pingpong [18]: /projects/tviz [19]: /projects/diffcua [20]: /projects/r1web [21]: /projects/sudo [22]: /projects/fourcast [23]: /projects/brainrot-chrome [24]: /projects/bountylist [25]: /projects/yecombinator [26]: /projects/open-animator [27]: /projects/vlite [28]: /projects/chatpdf [29]: /projects/notrealnews [30]: /projects/raccoon [31]: /projects/balsa [32]: /blog [33]: /blog/training-imperative [34]: https://blog.sdan.io/archon/ [35]: /blog/intelligence-arbitrage [36]: /blog/perceived-age [37]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/surya-d/ [38]: https://substack.com/@sdan [39]: /blog [40]: https://blog.sdan.io [41]: /notes
The webfetch text output doesn't include the head meta tags. I need the actual HTML. I can use curl with -L to follow redirects, or use webfetch in a way that gets raw. But webfetch returns readable text. Let me use exec to curl the HTML.
{
"command": "curl -sL https://sdan.io/",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell 7db117:
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/chunks/0jatned9v_qx2.css" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="preload" as="script" fetchPriority="low" href="/_next/static/chunks/1c1b4i9jnt5he.js"/><script src="/_next/static/chunks/0xy_vwehj4o-5.js" async="" type="488301d68c18315614f7b120-text/javascript"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3n58b_ug-52mu.js" async="" type="488301d68c18315614f7b120-text/javascript"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/12bfwrueice44.js" async="" type="488301d68c18315614f7b120-text/javascript"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/turbopack-2s1mvbdltbimr.js" async="" type="488301d68c18315614f7b120-text/javascript"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/1ccs8_6pjru8i.js" async="" type="488301d68c18315614f7b120-text/javascript"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/0vk3nqty20h_-.js" async="" type="488301d68c18315614f7b120-text/javascript"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3zd1f1p8fz-01.js" async="" type="488301d68c18315614f7b120-text/javascript"></script><link rel="preload" href="https://pingpong.sdan.io/client.js" as="script"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#fafaf9"/><title>Surya Dantuluri</title><meta name="description" content="Model training, token burning, word smithing."/><meta name="application-name" content="Surya Dantuluri"/><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.webmanifest"/><meta name="keywords" content="surya dantuluri,AI,models,engineering"/><meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://sdan.io"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en-US" href="https://sdan.io"/><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Surya"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default"/><meta property="og:title" content="Surya Dantuluri"/><meta property="og:description" content="Model training, token burning, word smithing."/><meta property="og:url" content="https://sdan.io"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Surya Dantuluri"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://sdan.io/og/home.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="630"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Surya Dantuluri — models, writing, and projects"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@sdand"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@sdand"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Surya Dantuluri"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Model training, token burning, word smithing."/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://sdan.io/og/home.jpg"/><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico" sizes="48x48" type="image/x-icon"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icon-192.png" sizes="192x192" type="image/png"/><script data-cfasync="false">(function(){let theme='light';try{theme=localStorage.getItem('theme')||'light'}catch(e){}document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme',theme);const sync=function(){document.querySelectorAll('meta[name="theme-color"]').forEach(function(meta){meta.content=theme==='dark'?'#1a1818':'#fafaf9'})};sync();if(document.readyState==='loading')document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',sync,{once:true})})();</script><script type="application/ld+json">[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://sdan.io/#website","name":"Surya Dantuluri","url":"https://sdan.io","author":{"@id":"https://sdan.io/#person"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","@id":"https://sdan.io/#person","name":"Surya Dantuluri","url":"https://sdan.io","image":"https://sdan.io/pfp-new.png","sameAs":["https://github.com/sdan","https://x.com/sdand","https://www.linkedin.com/in/surya-d/"]}]</script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/0cz1d0mv5g_q7.js" noModule="" type="488301d68c18315614f7b120-text/javascript"></script></head><body><div hidden=""><!--$--><!--/$--></div><!--&--><script type="application/ld+json">[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"CollectionPage","name":"Surya Dantuluri","description":"Model training, token burning, word smithing.","url":"https://sdan.io/","inLanguage":"en","isPartOf":{"@type":"WebSite","name":"Surya Dantuluri","url":"https://sdan.io"},"mainEntity":{"@type":"ItemList","numberOfItems":5,"itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"Country of Services","url":"https://sdan.io/blog/country-of-services","datePublished":"2026-05-05T00:00:00.000Z","description":"Backpropagating across a country"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"Information Asymmetry","url":"https://sdan.io/blog/information-asymmetry","datePublished":"2026-04-03T00:00:00.000Z","description":"High frequency info"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"Training Imperative","url":"https://sdan.io/blog/training-imperative","datePublished":"2025-09-08T00:00:00.000Z","description":"Labor priced in tokens"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"item":{"@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"Teaching GPT-5 to Use a Computer","url":"https://blog.sdan.io/archon/","datePublished":"2025-09-01T00:00:00.000Z","description":"Towards self-driving computers"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"item":{"@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"Hero's Journey","url":"https://sdan.io/blog/hero-journey","datePublished":"2025-04-05T00:00:00.000Z","description":"The Hero's Journey"}}]},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://sdan.io/og/home.jpg","width":1200,"height":630}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ProfilePage","mainEntity":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://sdan.io/#person","name":"Surya Dantuluri","url":"https://sdan.io","image":"https://sdan.io/pfp-new.png"}}]</script><main role="main" class="site-main site-main--home"><div data-haptics-visuals="disabled"><section class="header-section u-container" style="padding-bottom:var(--space-lg)"><div class="home-header-row"><h1 class="page-title">Surya Dantuluri</h1><div class="links home-header-links"><a href="https://github.com/sdan" class="u-subtle-link" aria-label="GitHub" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.58"><svg class="u-icon" style="opacity:0.5;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:2" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 19c-5 1.5-5-2.5-7-3m14 6v-3.87a3.37 3.37 0 0 0-.94-2.61c3.14-.35 6.44-1.54 6.44-7A5.44 5.44 0 0 0 20 4.77 5.07 5.07 0 0 0 19.91 1S18.73.65 16 2.48a13.38 13.38 0 0 0-7 0C6.27.65 5.09 1 5.09 1A5.07 5.07 0 0 0 5 4.77a5.44 5.44 0 0 0-1.5 3.78c0 5.42 3.3 6.61 6.44 7A3.37 3.37 0 0 0 9 18.13V22"></path></svg></a><a href="https://x.com/sdand" class="u-subtle-link" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.58"><svg class="u-icon" style="opacity:0.5;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:2;stroke-linejoin:round" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M23.643 4.937c-.835.37-1.732.62-2.675.733.962-.576 1.7-1.49 2.048-2.578-.9.534-1.897.922-2.958 1.13-.85-.904-2.06-1.47-3.4-1.47-2.572 0-4.658 2.086-4.658 4.66 0 .364.042.718.12 1.06-3.873-.195-7.304-2.05-9.602-4.868-.4.69-.63 1.49-.63 2.342 0 1.616.823 3.043 2.072 3.878-.764-.025-1.482-.234-2.11-.583v.06c0 2.257 1.605 4.14 3.737 4.568-.392.106-.803.162-1.227.162-.3 0-.593-.028-.877-.082.593 1.85 2.313 3.198 4.352 3.234-1.595 1.25-3.604 1.995-5.786 1.995-.376 0-.747-.022-1.112-.065 2.062 1.323 4.51 2.093 7.14 2.093 8.57 0 13.255-7.098 13.255-13.254 0-.2-.005-.402-.014-.602.91-.658 1.7-1.477 2.323-2.41z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://curius.app/surya2" class="u-subtle-link" aria-label="Curius" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.58"><svg class="u-icon" viewBox="0 0 46 46"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" d="M2.828 22.627L22.627 2.828l19.799 19.8-19.8 19.798z"></path><path fill="currentColor" d="M17 22.657L22.657 17l5.657 5.657-5.657 5.657z"></path></svg></a><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#7b080e09021a3b080e09021a1f55181416" class="u-subtle-link" aria-label="Email" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.58"><svg class="u-icon" style="stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:2" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 4h16c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v12c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2H4c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V6c0-1.1.9-2 2-2z"></path><polyline points="22,6 12,13 2,6"></polyline></svg></a><button data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.72" class="u-btn-reset u-subtle-link" aria-label="Toggle theme"><svg class="u-icon" style="opacity:0" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1 1 11.21 3 7 7 0 0 0 21 12.79z"></path></svg></button><button class="u-btn-reset u-subtle-link" data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.6" aria-label="Show visitor globe. Reconnecting live presence" aria-expanded="false" title="Reconnecting live presence"><span class="presence-dot" data-connected="false" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="presence-count" data-nosnippet="">0</span></button></div></div><div id="presence-globe-slot"></div></section><section class="main-content u-container home-feed-stack" style="margin-bottom:var(--space-lg);padding-top:0.35rem"><div style="margin-bottom:var(--space-xl)"><p class="bio-text" style="opacity:var(--opacity-body)">I grew up in the Bay Area<!-- --> <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22314222" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.55">fine-tuning GPT-2</a> <!-- -->to do my homework.<br/><br/>I built a ChatGPT plugin used by 1M+ people, founded a company to train<!-- --> <a href="https://prava.co" data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.55">computer-use models</a>, and was #1 on Polymarket by monthly PnL using models I built.<br/><br/>I now run Labs at an<!-- --> <a data-haptic-pattern="soft" data-haptic-intensity="0.55" href="/blog/country-of-services">AGI holding company</a> <a data-haptic-pattern="soft" data-haptic-intensity="0.55" href="/notes#agi-diffusion">diffusing intelligence</a> <!-- -->across<!-- --> <a data-haptic-pattern="soft" data-haptic-intensity="0.55" href="/blog/intelligence-arbitrage">the real economy</a>.</p></div><div class="home-feed-section" style="margin-bottom:var(--space-xl)"><h2 class="section-heading home-feed-heading"><a style="color:inherit;text-decoration:none" href="/projects">Projects</a></h2><ul class="u-list-reset home-feed-list"><li data-haptic-role="scroll-pass" class="home-feed-item"><a data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.68" class="list-item-row home-feed-row home-feed-row--project-with-thumb u-interactive-row" href="/projects/geovlm"><span class="project-row-thumb home-feed-thumb home-feed-media-shell" aria-hidden="true"><img alt="" draggable="false" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-media-poster home-feed-media-layer--visible" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/projects/geovlm-demo.thumb.poster.webp"/><video preload="none" loop="" muted="" playsInline="" aria-hidden="true" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-motion-thumb home-feed-media-video" draggable="false"></video></span><div class="list-item-content home-feed-primary"><div class="list-item-title-row home-feed-title-row"><span class="home-feed-title">GeoVLM</span><div class="mobile-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta home-feed-meta--mobile"><time>2026</time></div></div><span class="list-item-description home-feed-description">Training a 30b VLM to geoguess</span></div><div class="desktop-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta"><time>2026</time></div></a></li><li data-haptic-role="scroll-pass" class="home-feed-item"><a data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.68" class="list-item-row home-feed-row home-feed-row--project-with-thumb u-interactive-row" href="/projects/flaneur"><span class="project-row-thumb home-feed-thumb home-feed-media-shell" aria-hidden="true"><img alt="" draggable="false" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-media-poster" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/projects/flaneur-demo.thumb.poster.webp"/><video preload="none" loop="" muted="" playsInline="" aria-hidden="true" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-motion-thumb home-feed-media-video" draggable="false"></video></span><div class="list-item-content home-feed-primary"><div class="list-item-title-row home-feed-title-row"><span class="home-feed-title">Flâneur</span><div class="mobile-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta home-feed-meta--mobile"><time>2026</time></div></div><span class="list-item-description home-feed-description">A map of Curius links</span></div><div class="desktop-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta"><time>2026</time></div></a></li><li data-haptic-role="scroll-pass" class="home-feed-item"><a data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.68" class="list-item-row home-feed-row home-feed-row--project-with-thumb u-interactive-row" href="/projects/backscroll"><span class="project-row-thumb home-feed-thumb home-feed-media-shell" aria-hidden="true"><img alt="" draggable="false" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-media-poster" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/projects/backscroll-demo.thumb.poster.webp"/><video preload="none" loop="" muted="" playsInline="" aria-hidden="true" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-motion-thumb home-feed-media-video" draggable="false"></video></span><div class="list-item-content home-feed-primary"><div class="list-item-title-row home-feed-title-row"><span class="home-feed-title">Backscroll</span><div class="mobile-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta home-feed-meta--mobile"><time>2026</time></div></div><span class="list-item-description home-feed-description">Agent that scrolls your feeds</span></div><div class="desktop-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta"><time>2026</time></div></a></li><li data-haptic-role="scroll-pass" class="home-feed-item"><a data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.68" class="list-item-row home-feed-row home-feed-row--project-with-thumb u-interactive-row" href="/projects/geospot-infinity"><span class="project-row-thumb home-feed-thumb home-feed-media-shell" aria-hidden="true"><img alt="" draggable="false" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-media-poster" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/projects/geospot-infinity-demo.thumb.poster.webp"/><video preload="none" loop="" muted="" playsInline="" aria-hidden="true" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-motion-thumb home-feed-media-video" draggable="false"></video></span><div class="list-item-content home-feed-primary"><div class="list-item-title-row home-feed-title-row"><span class="home-feed-title">Geospot Infinity</span><div class="mobile-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta home-feed-meta--mobile"><span class="project-view-count u-view-count home-feed-metric"><span data-nosnippet="" style="visibility:visible">182K</span> <!-- -->views</span><time>2025</time></div></div><span class="list-item-description home-feed-description">Online RL policy for geoguessing</span></div><div class="desktop-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta"><span class="project-view-count u-view-count home-feed-metric"><span data-nosnippet="" style="visibility:visible">182K</span> <!-- -->views</span><time>2025</time></div></a></li><li data-haptic-role="scroll-pass" class="home-feed-item"><a data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.68" class="list-item-row home-feed-row home-feed-row--project-with-thumb u-interactive-row" href="/projects/cuaview"><span class="project-row-thumb home-feed-thumb home-feed-media-shell" aria-hidden="true"><img alt="" draggable="false" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-media-poster" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/projects/cuaview-demo.thumb.poster.webp"/><video preload="none" loop="" muted="" playsInline="" aria-hidden="true" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-motion-thumb home-feed-media-video" draggable="false"></video></span><div class="list-item-content home-feed-primary"><div class="list-item-title-row home-feed-title-row"><span class="home-feed-title">Cuaview</span><div class="mobile-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta home-feed-meta--mobile"><time>2025</time></div></div><span class="list-item-description home-feed-description">Native computer-use app for Mac</span></div><div class="desktop-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta"><time>2025</time></div></a></li><li data-haptic-role="scroll-pass" class="home-feed-item"><a data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.68" class="list-item-row home-feed-row home-feed-row--project-with-thumb u-interactive-row" href="/projects/jokegen"><span class="project-row-thumb home-feed-thumb home-feed-media-shell" aria-hidden="true"><img alt="" draggable="false" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-media-poster" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/projects/jokegen-demo.thumb.poster.webp"/><video preload="none" loop="" muted="" playsInline="" aria-hidden="true" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-motion-thumb home-feed-media-video" draggable="false"></video></span><div class="list-item-content home-feed-primary"><div class="list-item-title-row home-feed-title-row"><span class="home-feed-title">Jokegen</span><div class="mobile-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta home-feed-meta--mobile"><time>2026</time></div></div><span class="list-item-description home-feed-description">Teaching 1T parameters to be funny</span></div><div class="desktop-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta"><time>2026</time></div></a></li><li data-haptic-role="scroll-pass" class="home-feed-item"><a data-haptic-pattern="light" data-haptic-intensity="0.68" class="list-item-row home-feed-row home-feed-row--project-with-thumb u-interactive-row" href="/projects/geospot"><span class="project-row-thumb home-feed-thumb home-feed-media-shell" aria-hidden="true"><img alt="" draggable="false" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-media-poster" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/projects/geospot-demo.thumb.poster.webp"/><video preload="none" loop="" muted="" playsInline="" aria-hidden="true" class="home-feed-media-layer home-feed-motion-thumb home-feed-media-video" draggable="false"></video></span><div class="list-item-content home-feed-primary"><div class="list-item-title-row home-feed-title-row"><span class="home-feed-title">Geospot</span><div class="mobile-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta home-feed-meta--mobile"><span class="project-view-count u-view-count home-feed-metric"><span data-nosnippet="" style="visibility:visible">9.4M</span> <!-- -->views</span><time>2026</time></div></div><span class="list-item-description home-feed-description">Teaching models to geoguess</span></div><div class="desktop-only list-item-meta home-feed-meta"><span class="project-view-count u-view-count home-feed-metric"><span data-nosnippet="" style="visibility:visible">9.4M</span> <!-- -->views</span><time>2026</time></div></a></li><li data-haptic-role="scroll-pass" class="home-feed-item"><a data-haptic-p… (92451 chars truncated)
Exit code: 0
<truncation_notice>
Full output written to: /var/folders/d9/mzhyr7lx6xbf236j5ll9v_300000gn/T/devin-overflows-501/80791670/content.txt
</truncation_notice>I can see from the HTML: - og:image: `https://sdan.io/og/home.jpg` - favicon.ico: `/favicon.ico?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico` (relative to `https://sdan.io/`) - apple-touch-icon: `/icon-192.png` (192x192 png) Also maybe manifest.webmanifest might contain more. Let me check /manifest.webmanifest. I should download these to current directory /Users/root1. Use curl -O. URLs: - https://sdan.io/og/home.jpg -> home.jpg (og:image) - https://sdan.io/favicon.ico?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico -> favicon.ico - https://sdan.io/icon-192.png -> icon-192.png Also perhaps there's /icon-512.png? Manifest might have. Let me fetch manifest. But user asked favicons and og:image. Favicon (ico) and apple-touch-icon (png). Could download both. Let me fetch manifest to see if there are more icons.
{
"command": "curl -sL https://sdan.io/manifest.webmanifest",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell fff9c8:
{"name":"Surya Dantuluri","short_name":"Surya","description":"I train models, write, and build things on the internet.","start_url":"/","scope":"/","display":"standalone","background_color":"#fafaf9","theme_color":"#fafaf9","icons":[{"src":"/icon-192.png","sizes":"192x192","type":"image/png","purpose":"any"},{"src":"/icon-512.png","sizes":"512x512","type":"image/png","purpose":"any"}]}
Exit code: 0So we have favicons: - favicon.ico - icon-192.png - icon-512.png And og:image: og/home.jpg Download all.
{
"command": "mkdir -p /Users/root1/sdan_assets && cd /Users/root1/sdan_assets && curl -sL -o home.jpg \"https://sdan.io/og/home.jpg\" && curl -sL -o favicon.ico \"https://sdan.io/favicon.ico?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico\" && curl -sL -o icon-192.png \"https://sdan.io/icon-192.png\" && curl -sL -o icon-512.png \"https://sdan.io/icon-512.png\" && ls -la",
"timeout": 60000
}Output from command in shell 0eeda0: total 712 drwxr-xr-x 6 root1 staff 192 Jul 17 04:21 . drwxr-x---+ 203 root1 staff 6496 Jul 17 04:21 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 root1 staff 15086 Jul 17 04:21 favicon.ico -rw-r--r-- 1 root1 staff 313464 Jul 17 04:21 home.jpg -rw-r--r-- 1 root1 staff 10627 Jul 17 04:21 icon-192.png -rw-r--r-- 1 root1 staff 19478 Jul 17 04:21 icon-512.png Exit code: 0
Done. Files downloaded to /Users/root1/sdan_assets/. Let me verify sizes and perhaps check file types.
{
"command": "file /Users/root1/sdan_assets/*",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell 7cfa10: /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico: MS Windows icon resource - 3 icons, 16x16, 32 bits/pixel, 32x32, 32 bits/pixel /Users/root1/sdan_assets/home.jpg: JPEG image data, baseline, precision 8, 2400x1260, components 3 /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png: PNG image data, 192 x 192, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png: PNG image data, 512 x 512, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced Exit code: 0
Note og:image meta says 1200x630, but actual JPEG is 2400x1260 (2x). Good. The favicon.ico has 3 icons? It says 3 icons, 16x16 and 32x32; maybe there are 3 sizes but output truncated. Fine. Now deliver result.
Downloaded the assets from https://sdan.io/ to /Users/root1/sdan_assets/:
favicon.ico — multi-resolution ICOicon-192.png — 192×192 PNGicon-512.png — 512×512 PNGhome.jpg — OG/Twitter image (2400×1260 JPEG)The source references found in the HTML:
<meta property="og:image" content="https://sdan.io/og/home.jpg" /><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icon-192.png" />manifest.webmanifest lists /icon-192.png and /icon-512.pngare they default favicons?
User asks "are they default favicons?" meaning probably whether they are custom or default Next.js/generated? Let me inspect the actual favicon image to see what it looks like. The favicon.ico likely is the icon for Surya's site. The icon-192/512 too. I can read images. Let me read them.
{
"file_path": "/Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico"
}{
"file_path": "/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png"
}{
"file_path": "/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png"
}{
"file_path": "/Users/root1/sdan_assets/home.jpg"
}[Image 1]
[Image 1]
[Image 1]
[Image 1]
The read tool outputs [Image 1] but I cannot visually see images. I can use macOS quicklook? Or identify via image metadata. Maybe use `sips` to get info, or `exiftool`, or convert to ASCII? Better: use `mediainfo` or `mdls`? Also the images may have been displayed visually to user? The tool output is [Image 1] - the UI may show images? In this transcript, not shown. But I can describe based on file names and sizes. However to determine if "default favicons", I need to know if they are default Next.js icon or custom. Next.js default favicon is the Vercel triangle logo? Actually Next.js project default favicon.ico is the Vercel icon (a triangle). The file sizes: 15086 bytes ICO, 10627 bytes 192 png, 19478 512 png. Default Next.js favicon.ico is small 2596 bytes? Hmm. Need to inspect content. Maybe use `xxd` or `identify` from ImageMagick? Let's check installed tools.
{
"command": "which identify sips exiftool mdls",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell 0f7c6d: /usr/bin/sips /opt/homebrew/bin/exiftool /usr/bin/mdls Exit code: 1
Let's use sips to get image properties and possibly preview? sips -g all.
{
"command": "sips -g all /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico 2>&1 | head -80",
"timeout": 10000
}{
"command": "sips -g all /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png 2>&1 | head -80",
"timeout": 10000
}{
"command": "sips -g all /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png 2>&1 | head -80",
"timeout": 10000
}{
"command": "exiftool /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png /Users/root1/sdan_assets/home.jpg 2>&1 | head -120",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell 7bf285: /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico pixelWidth: 48 pixelHeight: 48 typeIdentifier: com.microsoft.ico format: ico formatOptions: default dpiWidth: 72.000 dpiHeight: 72.000 samplesPerPixel: 4 bitsPerSample: 8 hasAlpha: yes space: RGB Exit code: 0
Output from command in shell c1ba49: /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png pixelWidth: 192 pixelHeight: 192 typeIdentifier: public.png format: png formatOptions: default dpiWidth: 72.000 dpiHeight: 72.000 samplesPerPixel: 4 bitsPerSample: 8 hasAlpha: yes space: RGB Exit code: 0
Output from command in shell b01e50: /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png pixelWidth: 512 pixelHeight: 512 typeIdentifier: public.png format: png formatOptions: default dpiWidth: 72.000 dpiHeight: 72.000 samplesPerPixel: 4 bitsPerSample: 8 hasAlpha: yes space: RGB Exit code: 0
Output from command in shell a13980:
======== /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico
ExifTool Version Number : 13.50
File Name : favicon.ico
Directory : /Users/root1/sdan_assets
File Size : 15 kB
File Modification Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:21-07:00
File Access Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:22:11-07:00
File Inode Change Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:51-07:00
File Permissions : -rw-r--r--
File Type : ICO
File Type Extension : ico
MIME Type : image/x-icon
Image Count : 3
Image Width : 16
Image Height : 16
Num Colors : 0
Color Planes : 1
Bits Per Pixel : 32
Image Length : 1128
Image Size : 16x16
Megapixels : 0.000256
======== /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png
ExifTool Version Number : 13.50
File Name : icon-192.png
Directory : /Users/root1/sdan_assets
File Size : 11 kB
File Modification Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:21-07:00
File Access Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:22:11-07:00
File Inode Change Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:58-07:00
File Permissions : -rw-r--r--
File Type : PNG
File Type Extension : png
MIME Type : image/png
Image Width : 192
Image Height : 192
Bit Depth : 8
Color Type : RGB with Alpha
Compression : Deflate/Inflate
Filter : Adaptive
Interlace : Noninterlaced
Image Size : 192x192
Megapixels : 0.037
======== /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png
ExifTool Version Number : 13.50
File Name : icon-512.png
Directory : /Users/root1/sdan_assets
File Size : 19 kB
File Modification Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:22-07:00
File Access Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:22:11-07:00
File Inode Change Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:22-07:00
File Permissions : -rw-r--r--
File Type : PNG
File Type Extension : png
MIME Type : image/png
Image Width : 512
Image Height : 512
Bit Depth : 8
Color Type : RGB with Alpha
Compression : Deflate/Inflate
Filter : Adaptive
Interlace : Noninterlaced
Image Size : 512x512
Megapixels : 0.262
======== /Users/root1/sdan_assets/home.jpg
ExifTool Version Number : 13.50
File Name : home.jpg
Directory : /Users/root1/sdan_assets
File Size : 313 kB
File Modification Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:21-07:00
File Access Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:49-07:00
File Inode Change Date/Time : 2026:07:17 04:21:21-07:00
File Permissions : -rw-r--r--
File Type : JPEG
File Type Extension : jpg
MIME Type : image/jpeg
Comment : Lavc62.11.100
Image Width : 2400
Image Height : 1260
Encoding Process : Baseline DCT, Huffman coding
Bits Per Sample : 8
Color Components : 3
Y Cb Cr Sub Sampling : YCbCr4:2:0 (2 2)
Image Size : 2400x1260
Megapixels : 3.0
4 image files read
Exit code: 0I cannot see content but can determine if custom by checking hash or looking for known default Next.js favicon. Next.js default favicon.ico from `create-next-app` is the Vercel triangle. Let's see if this favicon matches default Next.js favicon. The file name includes a build hash `favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico` which is typical Next.js hashed asset. Default Next.js favicon is at `/favicon.ico`. In Next.js production, by default, if you use the default `app/favicon.ico`, it is optimized and given a query string? Actually Next.js app router uses `app/favicon.ico`, and the HTML link is generated with a query string like `/favicon.ico?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico`? That hash corresponds to content hash? It might be the default Next.js icon if user hasn't changed it. But the site is custom and the manifest name is custom. However the favicon.ico could be the default Vercel triangle. Let's check by extracting images and comparing with default Next.js favicon. Or perhaps using `sips -Z` to convert to ASCII? Better: use `qlmanage` or `chafa`? Not sure installed. `catimg`? `timg`? Let's see if any image viewer for terminal. But I can't visually display? The platform is macOS terminal. The user will see output. `imgcat` may be available in iTerm. But in transcript, we can maybe use `imgcat`. However our tool output might be plain text; `imgcat` outputs special escape sequences. Probably not useful. Better approach: compute MD5 of favicon.ico and compare to known default Next.js favicon MD5. We can download default create-next-app favicon? But no need. We can infer by inspecting pixel colors via ImageMagick? Identify not available? `convert` not in PATH. Is ImageMagick installed? `which convert` not earlier; only sips/exiftool. We can use `sips` to convert to PNG and then maybe `base64`? Or use Python with PIL? Let's check Python and Pillow?
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\ntry:\n from PIL import Image\n print('Pillow available')\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(e)\nPY",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell d6d4da: Pillow available Exit code: 0
Use Python PIL to get image info and maybe print a small ASCII or color summary for each icon. Also we can compare favicon to known Next.js default icon. I recall create-next-app default favicon.ico (for Next.js 14/15) is a 32x32 (maybe 48x48?) image with a black/white Vercel triangle (▲) on white background? Actually default favicon for Next.js with `npx create-next-app@latest` has a 32x32 icon: a black stylized "N" or triangle? I know the favicon.ico in the default `app/favicon.ico` is the Next.js "N" logo (or Vercel mark). Let me quickly find online? Could use web search. But maybe the user's question is simple: "are they default favicons?" Probably they want to know if sdan.io uses default Next.js favicons, and the answer is likely yes, because manifest/icons named icon-192.png and icon-512.png are defaults? Wait, the manifest name and icons can be custom. The file names /icon-192.png and /icon-512.png are standard PWA icon filenames generated by next-pwa or from public folder. But `favicon.ico` with query hash is Next.js generated. However the actual image could be custom Surya logo or default. We need to inspect the image content. Let's use Python to display image as ASCII perhaps or extract top colors. Also maybe there is text? Use OCR? Probably not needed. Maybe the favicon is just a circle? Let's examine. Use PIL to open icon-512 and maybe save a tiny thumbnail and print pixel values. For favicon, open first frame. Let's use Python to get dominant colors.
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nimport os, colorsys\n\ndef summarize(path):\n im = Image.open(path)\n if getattr(im, 'is_animated', False):\n im.seek(0)\n # convert to RGBA\n im_rgba = im.convert('RGBA')\n # downsample to get color clusters\n small = im_rgba.resize((50,50))\n colors = small.getcolors(50*50)\n # total alpha-weighted, get top colors ignoring transparent\n d = {}\n total = 0\n for count, (r,g,b,a) in colors:\n if a < 128:\n continue\n # round to nearest 16\n key = (r//16*16, g//16*16, b//16*16)\n d[key] = d.get(key,0) + count\n total += count\n top = sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: -x[1])[:5]\n print(path, im.size, im.mode, im.format, [(c, round(100*v/total,1)) for c,v in top])\n\nfor f in ['favicon.ico','icon-192.png','icon-512.png','home.jpg']:\n summarize(f'/Users/root1/sdan_assets/{f}')\nPY",
"timeout": 20000
}Output from command in shell b794bf: /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico (48, 48) RGBA ICO [((16, 16, 16), 80.4), ((192, 192, 192), 2.3), ((176, 176, 176), 1.6), ((160, 160, 160), 1.4), ((144, 144, 144), 1.2)] /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png (192, 192) RGBA PNG [((16, 16, 16), 82.2), ((192, 192, 192), 3.3), ((176, 176, 176), 1.2), ((160, 160, 160), 1.1), ((32, 32, 32), 1.1)] /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png (512, 512) RGBA PNG [((16, 16, 16), 81.8), ((192, 192, 192), 3.2), ((0, 16, 16), 1.4), ((176, 176, 176), 1.2), ((160, 160, 160), 1.0)] /Users/root1/sdan_assets/home.jpg (2400, 1260) RGB JPEG [((240, 240, 240), 19.7), ((128, 176, 240), 7.4), ((144, 192, 240), 6.5), ((96, 128, 160), 6.0), ((112, 160, 240), 4.1)] Exit code: 0
The favicons are mostly dark (16,16,16) with gray edges. This suggests a dark icon on transparent background, maybe a custom monogram/logo, not the default Next.js/Vercel triangle (which is black on white? Let's recall: default create-next-app favicon is a 32x32 icon that looks like a black stylized "N"? Actually the default Next.js favicon for `create-next-app` with app router is a 32x32 PNG inside ICO? The image is white background with black Next.js "N" logo? Wait, the default `favicon.ico` is a 32x32 icon with black background and white triangle? Let me verify by fetching a default Next.js favicon from a demo. But I can also generate the default icon from create-next-app? Simpler: search web for default Next.js favicon image MD5? But offline maybe. However user asks "are they default favicons?" likely wants yes/no and explanation. We can tell from the source: the favicon URL has a Next.js content hash query (`?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico`), and the manifest uses standard icon names. But that only means they are served via Next.js, not necessarily default. We need inspect actual icon content. The dominant dark color and gray antialiasing suggests likely a custom dark icon (maybe an "S" or a geometric mark). Let's look more. Use PIL to produce a small ASCII or color grid to see shape.
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nim = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png').convert('RGBA')\n# create 16x16 grid average\nt = im.resize((16,16))\nchars = ' .:-=+*#%@'\nfor y in range(16):\n line=''\n for x in range(16):\n r,g,b,a = t.getpixel((x,y))\n if a < 50:\n line += ' '\n else:\n lum = int((0.299*r + 0.587*g + 0.114*b))\n idx = max(0, min(len(chars)-1, lum // 26))\n line += chars[idx]\n print(line)\nPY",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell e4115d:
:==:..
.=+*-=+=.
+:=: .++:
:= +. :=:
-:.+ :=
-:.+ :=
:= +. =:
+:=: :+
.++*-=+.
:==:
Exit code: 0The ASCII art of icon-512.png appears to be a circular shape with something inside? Let me print larger. 32x32 maybe.
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nim = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png').convert('RGBA')\n# create 32x32 grid average\nsize = 32\nt = im.resize((size,size))\nchars = ' .:-=+*#%@'\nfor y in range(size):\n line=''\n for x in range(size):\n r,g,b,a = t.getpixel((x,y))\n if a < 50:\n line += ' '\n else:\n lum = int((0.299*r + 0.587*g + 0.114*b))\n idx = max(0, min(len(chars)-1, lum // 26))\n line += chars[idx] + chars[idx]\n print(line)\nPY",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell ab2ace:
....
::==**####**==:: ....
..++####%%%%++++**##====++--..
::####----##-- ..==++++++++::
..****.. **++ --++++++++--
++##.. --##:: ::++++++++::
::##-- ++** --++++**::
==**.. **++ ....**++
**++ ..##-- ==**
..**== ..##-- --##..
..**== ..##-- --##..
**++ ..##-- ==**..
==**.. **== **++
::##-- ++** ::##::
++**.. --##:: ..****
..##**....**++ ..++##::
::##**::--##:: ::**##::
..++##**%%%%====**##**::
::++**%%%%**++::
......
Exit code: 0That looks like a circle with something inside? Maybe a letter "S"? It's a dark circle with some internal shape and lighter top? Let's also inspect favicon.ico first frame.
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nim = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico')\nprint('frames:', im.n_frames, 'sizes:', [(i, Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico').seek(i) or im.size) for i in range(im.n_frames)])\n# first frame\nim.seek(0)\nim = im.convert('RGBA')\nsize = 32\nt = im.resize((size,size))\nchars = ' .:-=+*#%@'\nfor y in range(size):\n line=''\n for x in range(size):\n r,g,b,a = t.getpixel((x,y))\n if a < 50:\n line += ' '\n else:\n lum = int((0.299*r + 0.587*g + 0.114*b))\n idx = max(0, min(len(chars)-1, lum // 26))\n line += chars[idx] + chars[idx]\n print(line)\nPY",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell eb33c5: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 3, in <module> AttributeError: 'IcoImageFile' object has no attribute 'n_frames' Exit code: 1
IcoImageFile may not have n_frames. Use `im.ico.frame`? Actually ICO can have multiple frames. Use `im.seek(i)` and catch. Let's just print first frame by resize.
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nim = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico')\n# IcoImageFile has list im.ico.frame? Let's just use the loaded size\nprint('size', im.size, 'mode', im.mode)\nim = im.convert('RGBA')\nsize = 32\nt = im.resize((size,size))\nchars = ' .:-=+*#%@'\nfor y in range(size):\n line=''\n for x in range(size):\n r,g,b,a = t.getpixel((x,y))\n if a < 50:\n line += ' '\n else:\n lum = int((0.299*r + 0.587*g + 0.114*b))\n idx = max(0, min(len(chars)-1, lum // 26))\n line += chars[idx] + chars[idx]\n print(line)\nPY",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell 52ca69:
size (48, 48) mode RGBA
........
::==++####**==::......
::++##**%%%%++++**##======--..
::****--==##-- ..==++++++++::
..****....**++ --++++++++--
++**.. --##:: ::++++++++::
::##-- ++**.. ..--==++++::
==**.. ..**++ ....::**++
..++++ ..**-- ==**..
..**== ..##-- ==**..
..**== ..##-- ==**..
..**++ ..**-- ==**..
==**.. ..**== ..**++
::##-- ++**.. --##--
..++**.. --##:: ..**++..
::**++....**++ ..++**::
::****--==##-- ..--****::
::++##**%%##====**##++::
..::==**####**++--..
........
Exit code: 0The 48x48 favicon appears to be a dark circle with maybe an "S" or squiggle. This is likely a custom icon, not default Next.js. The default Next.js favicon is the Vercel triangle on a white background (or dark background?). It's not this circular logo. The icon-192/512 share same image. The hash in the URL is because Next.js app router serves favicon.ico with a content hash, but the image itself is custom. Need answer: "are they default favicons?" Not default; custom Surya favicon (likely an 'S' or personal logo) and custom OG image. The files are named /icon-192.png /icon-512.png and the ico has a Next.js cache-busting query, but image content is custom. But maybe user means "default" as in served from root and auto-detected? Hmm. They asked after I downloaded. Could be asking if the favicons are default Next.js favicons. I should be precise. Let's maybe compare MD5 with default Next.js favicon. Fetch a default create-next-app favicon from a known location? We can run `npx create-next-app@latest`? Too heavy. We can search web. But we can deduce by visual. The dominant color dark #101010 and circular monogram is custom. The default Next.js app favicon (app/favicon.ico) is a black stylized "N" on transparent? Actually I recall the default `favicon.ico` for Next.js 14+ is a black Next.js "N" logo (not Vercel triangle) on transparent? Let me think. The default `app/favicon.ico` in `create-next-app` is a 32x32 icon. The image I think is a black stylized "N" shape on a transparent background? Hmm maybe not. Let me check by creating a temp Next.js? Better use web search.
{
"query": "Next.js create-next-app default favicon.ico image content",
"num_results": 5
}# Web Search Results for "Next.js create-next-app default favicon.ico image content"
## 1. favicon does not work with example starter project "npx create-next-app" · Issue #17041 · vercel/next.js
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/17041
Change `/favicon.ico` to `/images/favicon.ico` in Head:
...
```
<Head>
<title>Create Next App</title>
<link rel="icon" href="/images/favicon.ico" />
</Head>
```
...
> https://github.com/Ed-Ed/next.js/blob/fix/create-next-app/favicon/packages/create-next-app/templates/default/public/favicon.ico
>
> The favicon is on `/favicon.ico`
...
@timneutkens
>
> The favicon does not initially work on `/favicon.ico`.
>
>
...
you create a new project using create-next-app, the favicon will not initially load... unless I'm doing something wrong? In which case please point out the issue.
...
> Just checked and a plain newly created Next.js app using create-next-app works as intended.
>
> ```
> yarn create next-app abc
> cd abc
> yarn dev
> ```
>
> opened `http://localhost:3000/favicon.ico`, the favicon was served.
...
> Right, I'm starting to think this is an issue with my Chrome cache then. Thanks. It's just weird for me how it worked when I changed it to /images/favicon, I figured it just served the favicon differently.
## 2. Metadata Files: favicon, icon, and apple-icon | Next.js
URL: https://nextjs.org/docs/15/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons
Use an image file to set an app icon by placing a `favicon`, `icon`, or `apple-icon` image file within your `/app` directory.
...
The `favicon` image can only be located in the top level of `app/`.
...
Next.js will evaluate the file and automatically add the appropriate tags to your app's `` element.
...
| File convention | Supported file types | Valid locations |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `favicon` | `.ico` | `app/` |
| `icon` | `.ico`, `.jpg`, `.jpeg`, `.png`, `.svg` | `app/**/*` |
| `apple-icon` | `.jpg`, `.jpeg`, `.png` | `app/**/*` |
...
Add a `favicon.ico` image file to the root `/app` route segment.
...
```html
<link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" sizes="any" />
...
> Good to know:
>
> - You can set multiple icons by adding a number suffix to the file name. For example, `icon1.png`, `icon2.png`, etc. Numbered files will sort lexically.
> - Favicons can only be set in the root `/app` segment. If you need more granularity, you can use `icon`.
...
> - The appropriate `` tags and attributes such as `rel`, `href`, `type`, and `sizes` are determined by the icon type and metadata of the evaluated file.
...
> - For example, a 32 by 32px
...
png` file will have `type="image/png"` and `sizes="32x32"` attributes.
...
> - `sizes="any
...
is added to icons when the extension is
...
svg` or
...
image size of the file is not determined. More details in this favicon
...
> Good to know:
>
> - By default, generated icons are statically optimized (generated at build time and cached) unless they use Request-time APIs or uncached data.
> - You can generate multiple icons in the same file using `generateImageMetadata`.
> - You cannot generate a `favicon` icon. Use `icon` or a favicon.ico file instead.
> - App icons are special Route Handlers that are cached by default unless they use a Request-time API or dynamic config option.
...
You can optionally configure the icon's metadata by exporting `size` and `contentType` variables from the `icon` or `apple-icon` route.
## 3. Next.js keeps injecting the default favicon · vercel next.js · Discussion #46415 · GitHub
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/46415
I configured the metadata constant in`layout.tsx` as follows:
...
```
export const metadata = {
title: 'Some title,
description: 'Some description',
icons: {
icon: '/favicons/favicon.ico',
shortcut: '/favicons/favicon-16x16.png',
apple: '/favicons/favicon-32x32.png',
other: {
rel: 'apple-touch-icon-precomposed',
url: '/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png',
},
},
}
```
...
I also tried`icon: { url: '/favicons/favicon.ico', sizes: 'any', type: 'image/x-icon' },` instead of having simply`icon: '/favicons/favicon.ico'`
...
I have all the icons in
...
favicons` folder.
...
The problem is that the default Vercel icons keep getting injected into `, overriding my custom favicon:
...
The weirdest thing is if I now go and replace`icon: '/favicons/favicon.ico'` with`icon: { url: '/favicons/favicon.ico', sizes: 'any', type: 'image/x-icon' },` Next.js does an auto-reload, and the custom favicon is visible until I don't reload the page while the default icon is also still injected. Once I reload the page, the default icon takes priority again.
...
Think it was introduced about 2 weeks ago, that if you have favicon.ico under app, it uses that one:
...
Indeed, as@icyJoseph pointed out, removing favicon.ico from the app directory fixed it for me@akoskm
...
I think this happens when the`src/app/favicon.ico` file is present, not sure why the app dir bundler picks it up from there, but looks like that's the case.
...
configured the metadata constant in`layout.tsx` as follows:
...
```
export const metadata = {
title: 'Some title,
description: 'Some description',
icons: {
icon: '/favicons/favicon.ico',
shortcut: '/favicons/favicon-16x16.png',
apple: '/favicons/favicon-32x32.png',
other: {
rel: 'apple-touch-icon-precomposed',
url: '/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png',
},
},
}
```
...
I also tried`icon: { url: '/favicons/favicon.ico', sizes: 'any', type: 'image/x-icon' },` instead of having simply`icon: '/favicons/favi...
## 4. NextJS 13.2 overwrites favicon with it's own · Issue #46682 · vercel/next.js
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/46682
```ts
// src/app/layout.tsx
export const metadata = {
icons: {
icon: { url: '/favicon.svg', type: 'image/svg' },
shortcut: { url: '/favicon.svg', type: 'image/svg' },
},
}
```
...
```html
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/svg" href="/favicon.svg" />
```
...
However NextJS overwrites this with it's own icon. It also produces an extra "icon" meta which I didn't need I think.
...
> All I had to do was remove `favicon.ico` from `src/app`, it seems to automatically pick it up and write a meta tag for it
...
> > I have the same issue. I have no favicon.ico so can't use the same fix than @DominicTobias :/
>
> Do you use Next 13.2 with `/app` directory. If yes, and you don't have a `favicon.ico` in the `/app`, I'd suggest putting your own there. It should probably fix it.
...
> in nextjs 13.3, the favicon.ico should be under the app directory. so you just need to change it with your new image
...
> > All I had to do was remove `favicon.ico` from `src/app`, it seems to automatically pick it up and write a meta tag for it
>
> Oh my, it was so easy. It must be mentioned in the docs somewhere. And why would next js place default favicon in `src/app` and not in `public`, not clear for me..
...
> > in nextjs 13.3, the favicon.ico should be under the app directory. so you just need to change it with your new image
>
> .ico is quite an unpleasant and poorly supported format in image editors, a lot of people prefer a PNG, or better yet nowadays SVG has wide support and you can do cool stuff like change the colors depending if the user is on dark or light theme
## 5. favicon file overwrites icons defined in metadata · Issue #55767 · vercel/next.js
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/55767
Following the steps from the previous section, I expect all icons defined in [`app/layout.tsx`](https://github.com/KirillTregubov/nextjs-icons-issue/blob/main/app/layout.tsx) under `export const metadata` to appear in the ` ` element. But I observe that only ` ` (the favicon) is present.
...
In other words, my goal is to use both your recommended approach of including a `favicon.ico` file in the correct place, and defining additional (read: different) icons using the `metadata` export.
...
This correct behaviour can be observed on the [`works` branch](https://github.com/KirillTregubov/nextjs-icons-issue/tree/works), which shows that the issue is a direct result of the `favicon.ico` file handling in `app`. I realize that the reproduction template does not place the favicon in `app`, but both the default template and the [docs](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#favicon) instruct users to place it there.
...
I find it inconsistent that the `reproduction-template` includes the `favicon.ico` in the `public` folder instead of the `app` directory.
...
> Hello, you don't need to pass the icons in the Metadata object.
> As the [documentation says](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#icon), you just have to put them at the root of the app directory, just make sure to use appropriate icons and give them a name according to the type of icon you want to generate. Nextjs will automatically evaluate the files' metadata and create the appropriate tags within the head.
>
> In the branch that you have as "works", you are trying to manually tell the icons, you just need to add these to the public directory, but I think it is better that you follow the option that is officially recommend in the documentation.
...
> > Hello, you don't need to pass the icons in the Metadata object. As the [documentation says](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#icon), you just ...
The search doesn't show actual content. Could fetch default favicon from Next.js repo. But the ASCII strongly suggests custom circular logo. Let's get a hash and maybe compare with default Next.js favicon. I can fetch from a known create-next-app template GitHub raw URL.
{
"command": "curl -sL -o /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico \"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vercel/next.js/canary/packages/create-next-app/templates/app/default/app/favicon.ico\" && file /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico && ls -la /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell b02d13: /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico: ASCII text, with no line terminators -rw-r--r-- 1 root1 wheel 14 Jul 17 04:22 /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico Exit code: 0
The path wrong; GitHub raw URL gave not found page (14 bytes text). Need find correct template path. Let's search GitHub for create-next-app template favicon.ico.
{
"query": "site:github.com/vercel/next.js create-next-app templates app favicon.ico",
"num_results": 5
}# Web Search Results for "site:github.com/vercel/next.js create-next-app templates app favicon.ico"
## 1. Migrate `create-next-app` and e2e tests to Metadata API. · Pull Request #45819 · vercel/next.js
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/pull/45819
`create-next-app` is currently using `head.js`, which as of `13.2`, will be deprecated in favor of the new [Metadata API](https://beta.nextjs.org/docs/guides/seo). This PR updates:
...
- JS/TS templates for `create-next-app` to remove `head.js` and switch to `metadata` in the root layout
- Automatic metadata generation for `favicon.ico` due to it's placement in the `app` directory
- Remove auto-generation of `head.js` when not present + matching e2e test
## 2. app/favicon.ico scaffold conflicts with unstable_instant validation; build error doesn't name the file · Issue #91787 · vercel/next.js
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/91787
## app/favicon.ico scaffold conflicts with unstable_instant validation; build error doesn't name the file
...
1. Scaffold a new app: `npx create-next-app@latest` (Next.js 16.2.1)
2. Add to `next.config.ts`: `cacheComponents: true`
3. Add to `app/page.tsx`: `export const unstable_instant = { prefetch: 'static' }`
4. Run `next build` — build fails
...
> "Runtime data such as
...
cookies()`,
...
was accessed inside `
...
you have file-based
...
dynamic params segments
...
No filename, no suggested fix. The cause is `app/favicon.ico` scaffolded by `create-next-app` — removing it or moving it to `metadata.icons` in the layout resolves the error. The filename is not surfaced anywhere in the output.
...
create-next-app, cacheComponents, Metadata
...
> We could not detect a valid reproduction link. **Make sure to follow the bug report template carefully.**
>
> ### Why was this issue closed?
>
> To be able to investigate, we need access to a reproduction to identify what triggered the issue. We need a link to a **public** GitHub repository ([template for App Router](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/reproduction-template), [template for Pages Router](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/reproduction-template-pages)), but you can also use these templates: [CodeSandbox: App Router](https://codesandbox.io/s/github/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/reproduction-template) or [CodeSandbox: Pages Router](https://codesandbox.io/s/github/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/reproduction-template-pages).
>
> The bug template that you filled out has a section called "Link to the code that reproduces this issue", which is where you should provide the link to the reproduction.
>
> - If you did not provide a link or the link you provided is not valid, we will close the issue.
> - If you provide a link to a private repository, we will close the issue.
> - If you provide a link to a repository but not in the correct section, we will close the issu...
## 3. How to Add favicon.ico on Next.js 13 & Next.js 14 · vercel next.js · Discussion #50704 · GitHub
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/50704
Place`favicon.ico` inside the`app/` or`public/` folder, which Next.js will auto-generate the necessary metadata.
...
```
.
├── app/
│ └── favicon.ico <-- here OR
└── public/
└── favicon.ico <-- here
```
...
Place the favicon file(s) on the public, then use`Metadata` or`generateMedatada`.
...
```
export const metadata = {
icons: {
icon: '/icon.png', // /public path
},
}
```
...
## Convention
Place`favicon.ico` inside the`app/` or`public/` folder, which Next.js will auto-generate the necessary metadata.
...
```
.
├── app/
│ └── favicon.ico <-- here OR
└── public/
└── favicon.ico <-- here
```
...
Place the favicon file(s) on the public, then use`Metadata` or`generateMedatada`.
...
```
export const metadata = {
icons: {
icon: '/icon.png', // /public path
},
}
```
...
You can also change favicon by color scheme:
...
```
icons: {
icon: [
{
url: '/light-icon.png',
media: '(prefers-color-scheme: light)',
},
{
url: '/dark-icon.png',
media: '(prefers-color-scheme: dark)',
},
],
},
```
...
Yup, Just Put`favicon.ico` on the root of the app directory. Then do a hard refresh. Next js will automatically detect what to do.
...
then put favicon.ico in public directory. Then Try a shit.
...
```
<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="./favicon.ico">
```
...
```
import Favicon from '/public/images/Metadata/favicon.ico';
export const metadata: Metadata = {
title: 'Next.js',
description: 'Generated by create next app',
icons: [{ rel: 'icon', url: Favicon.src }],
};
```
...
```
This is the simplest way to use Favicon in the Next.js 13.4 Stable version.
...
1. You need to convert your jpg, png, or SVG to .ico. It takes only a few seconds.
2. Rename your .ico file to icon.ico and paste it into the app folder and remove the favicon.ico from the app folder
```
...
In Next 14, just rename the favicon to icon and put it in the app folder.
...
@devjiwonchoi In Next.js version 14, when customizing the favicon u...
## 4. Module not found: Can't resolve '***\app\favicon.ico?__next_metadata__' · Issue #70172 · vercel/next.js
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/70172
## Module not found: Can't resolve '***\app\favicon.ico?__next_metadata__'
...
- Author: [@Sir-Erwin](https://github.com/Sir-Erwin)
- State: closed (completed)
- Locked: true
- Labels: create-next-app, bug, Image (next/image), Metadata
- Created: 2024-09-17T01:03:21Z
- Updated: 2024-09-20T19:29:26Z
- Closed:
...
2024-09-20T19:29:26Z
...
I expected to see the code successfully seeing that I had made no modifications from what I got from npx create-next-app@latest.
However, it threw an error saying " Module not found: Can't resolve '***\project-xenia\app\favicon.ico?__next_metadata__' "
...
create-next-app, Image (next/image), Metadata
...
I even tested it out with the previous 14.x.x versions, and even a 13.5.x version but it's throwing the same error.
I tried removing favicon.ico, but it just throws more errors. And sometimes it doesn't even start compiling, or freezes when compiling. I need to kill the processes eventually.
...
> When I delete favicon.ico, I get the following error
>
> Module not found: Can't resolve 'next/font/local/target.css?{"path":"app\\layout.tsx","import":"","arguments":[{"src":"./fonts/GeistVF.woff","variable":"--font-geist-sans","weight":"100 900"}],"variableName":"geistSans"}
...
> @Sir-Erwin Can you try the latest canary to see if you're experiencing with that as well?
>
> Will have to install the release candidate of `react` and `react-dom` as well.
...
> @Sir-Erwin Just to confirm, this is with the [Image: :repro: | https://emoji.slack-edge.com/T0CAQ00TU/repro/5cea53b5532825b4.png] as well? I'm surprised it's taking 15.5s to compile [Image: :wow: | https://emoji.slack-edge.com/T0CAQ00TU/wow/8524bc5963b93848.gif].
>
> Also, which package manager are you using (since `next info` is showing N/A is showing empty for all of them)?
...
> Wait, what's repro...
>
> I don't know, I just used "npx create-next-app@latest"
>
> I had downloaded node and react about 6 months ago, but they seem to be up to date...
## 5. NextJS 13.2 overwrites favicon with it's own · Issue #46682 · vercel/next.js
URL: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/46682
```ts
// src/app/layout.tsx
export const metadata = {
icons: {
icon: { url: '/favicon.svg', type: 'image/svg' },
shortcut: { url: '/favicon.svg', type: 'image/svg' },
},
}
```
...
```html
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/svg" href="/favicon.svg" />
```
...
However NextJS overwrites this with it's own icon. It also produces an extra "icon" meta which I didn't
...
I think.
...
> All I had to do was remove `favicon.ico` from `src/app`, it seems to automatically pick it up and write a meta tag for it
...
> > I have the same issue. I have no favicon.ico so can't use the same fix than @DominicTobias :/
>
> Do you use Next 13.2 with `/app` directory. If yes, and you don't have a `favicon.ico` in the `/app`, I'd suggest putting your own there. It should probably fix it.
...
> in nextjs 13.3, the favicon.ico should be under the app directory. so you just need to change it with your new image
...
> > All I had to do was remove `favicon.ico` from `src/app`, it seems to automatically pick it up and write a meta tag for it
>
> Oh my, it was so easy. It must be mentioned in the docs somewhere. And why would next js place default favicon in `src/app` and not in `public`, not clear for me..
...
> > in nextjs 13.3, the favicon.ico should be under the app directory. so you just need to change it with your new image
>
> .ico is quite an unpleasant and poorly supported format in image editors, a lot of people prefer a PNG, or better yet nowadays SVG has wide support and you can do cool stuff like change the colors depending if the user is on dark or light theme
Let's locate the actual file in Next.js repo. Use raw URL maybe `https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/packages/create-next-app/templates/app-tw/ts/app/favicon.ico`. But I need exact path. Let's list via GitHub API? Could use `curl` to GitHub API.
{
"command": "curl -sL \"https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js/contents/packages/create-next-app/templates\" | python3 -c \"import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print([x['name'] for x in d])\"",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell d562eb: ['.prettierrc.json', 'app-api', 'app-empty', 'app-tw-empty', 'app-tw', 'app', 'default-empty', 'default-tw-empty', 'default-tw', 'default', 'index.ts', 'types.ts'] Exit code: 0
List contents of app-tw?
{
"command": "curl -sL \"https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js/contents/packages/create-next-app/templates/app-tw\" | python3 -c \"import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print([x['name'] for x in d])\"",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell 10c7d7: ['js', 'ts'] Exit code: 0
{
"command": "curl -sL \"https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js/contents/packages/create-next-app/templates/app-tw/ts\" | python3 -c \"import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print([x['name'] for x in d])\"",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell 5bfe8e: ['.env.example', 'README-template.md', 'app', 'biome.json', 'eslint.config.mjs', 'gitignore', 'next-env.d.ts', 'next.config.ts', 'postcss.config.mjs', 'public', 'tsconfig.json'] Exit code: 0
{
"command": "curl -sL \"https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js/contents/packages/create-next-app/templates/app-tw/ts/app\" | python3 -c \"import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print([x['name'] for x in d])\"",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell dcb536: ['favicon.ico', 'globals.css', 'layout.tsx', 'page.tsx'] Exit code: 0
Good. Get download URL.
{
"command": "curl -sL \"https://api.github.com/repos/vercel/next.js/contents/packages/create-next-app/templates/app-tw/ts/app/favicon.ico\" | python3 -c \"import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(d.get('download_url'))\" && curl -sL -o /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico \"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vercel/next.js/canary/packages/create-next-app/templates/app-tw/ts/app/favicon.ico\" && file /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico && ls -la /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico",
"timeout": 30000
}Output from command in shell 1d190e: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vercel/next.js/canary/packages/create-next-app/templates/app-tw/ts/app/favicon.ico /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico: MS Windows icon resource - 4 icons, 16x16, 32 bits/pixel, 32x32, 32 bits/pixel -rw-r--r-- 1 root1 wheel 25931 Jul 17 04:22 /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico Exit code: 0
Great. Now compare hash to sdan favicon.
{
"command": "md5 /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico && shasum -a 256 /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell bc0765: MD5 (/Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico) = 1059113fbaffaec1ea16ce9483fa8295 MD5 (/tmp/next_default_favicon.ico) = c30c7d42707a47a3f4591831641e50dc e500255a86e0944c6f78435f7ee10e3e420a00a293661cce507e35f2ce99633b /Users/root1/sdan_assets/favicon.ico 2b8ad2d33455a8f736fc3a8ebf8f0bdea8848ad4c0db48a2833bd0f9cd775932 /tmp/next_default_favicon.ico Exit code: 0
Different hashes. Need also compare icon-192/512 with default? The default Next.js create-next-app doesn't include icon-192/512 by default (maybe not). But the manifest has /icon-192.png /icon-512.png. Could be custom PWA icons. Need compare icon-192 with default? There may not be default. Let's compare visual of default favicon.
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nim = Image.open('/tmp/next_default_favicon.ico')\nprint('size', im.size, 'mode', im.mode)\n# There are multiple sizes; show 32x32 by resizing? Use largest? Let's first resize to 32 to compare\nim = im.convert('RGBA')\nsize = 32\nt = im.resize((size,size))\nchars = ' .:-=+*#%@'\nfor y in range(size):\n line=''\n for x in range(size):\n r,g,b,a = t.getpixel((x,y))\n if a < 50:\n line += ' '\n else:\n lum = int((0.299*r + 0.587*g + 0.114*b))\n idx = max(0, min(len(chars)-1, lum // 26))\n line += chars[idx] + chars[idx]\n print(line)\nPY",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell 8d1ced:
size (256, 256) mode RGBA
::++
##@@..
--@@@@**
%%@@@@@@::
++@@@@@@@@##
..@@@@@@@@@@@@--
**@@@@@@@@@@@@%%
::@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@++
##@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..
--@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@**
%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@::
++@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@##
..@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@==
--****************************++
Exit code: 0The default Next.js favicon is a black triangle on white/circle? Actually the ASCII shows a black filled triangle (pointing up?) with top vertex at top. It's the Vercel triangle. Surya's favicon is a circular logo with some internal shape, clearly different. So they are not default favicons. Now also need check icon-192 and icon-512: do they have same image? Likely yes. They are custom PWA icons. Could compare hash of icon-192 vs icon-512 resized to same? icon-512 scaled to 192 should match icon-192 if same source.
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nim512 = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png').convert('RGBA').resize((192,192))\nim192 = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png').convert('RGBA')\n# compare pixel by pixel\nsame = all(im512.getpixel((x,y)) == im192.getpixel((x,y)) for y in range(192) for x in range(192))\nprint('icon-512 scaled to 192 matches icon-192:', same)\nPY\nmd5 /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png /Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png",
"timeout": 20000
}Output from command in shell bd6a62: icon-512 scaled to 192 matches icon-192: False MD5 (/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png) = 42a68705779ce6d5a3783db247bcdb84 MD5 (/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png) = 60134d414edffa3174831a89998a0ecd Exit code: 0
Scaling 512 to 192 didn't match due to interpolation/alpha differences? Let's compare visual; maybe different source, maybe same. Use nearest neighbor?
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nim512 = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-512.png').convert('RGBA').resize((192,192), Image.NEAREST)\nim192 = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png').convert('RGBA')\nsame = all(im512.getpixel((x,y)) == im192.getpixel((x,y)) for y in range(192) for x in range(192))\nprint('nearest match', same)\nPY",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell bc0949: nearest match False Exit code: 0
Maybe the 192 and 512 are slightly different content? But visually similar? Let's ASCII icon-192.
{
"command": "python3 - <<'PY'\nfrom PIL import Image\nim = Image.open('/Users/root1/sdan_assets/icon-192.png').convert('RGBA')\nsize = 32\nt = im.resize((size,size))\nchars = ' .:-=+*#%@'\nfor y in range(size):\n line=''\n for x in range(size):\n r,g,b,a = t.getpixel((x,y))\n if a < 50:\n line += ' '\n else:\n lum = int((0.299*r + 0.587*g + 0.114*b))\n idx = max(0, min(len(chars)-1, lum // 26))\n line += chars[idx] + chars[idx]\n print(line)\nPY",
"timeout": 10000
}Output from command in shell 999f0d:
....
::==**####**==:: ....
..++##**%%%%++++**##====++--..
::**##----##-- ..==++++++++::
..****.. **++ --++++++++--
++##.. --##:: ::++++++++::
::##-- ++** ..--++++**::
==**.. **++ ....**++
**++ ..##-- ==**..
..**== ..##-- --##..
..**== ..##-- --##..
**++ ..##-- ==**..
==**.. **== **++
::##-- ++** ::##::
++**.. --##:: ..****
..##**....**++ ..++##::
::##**::--##:: ::**##::
..++##**%%%%====**##**::
::++**%%%%**++::
......
Exit code: 0Looks same as 512 ASCII earlier, just differences due to nearest? Actually 192 ASCII appears basically same. It might be same content at higher resolution. Minor difference due to scaling. They look like same design. Fine. Now answer user: "are they default favicons?" Need be concise. Explain: - No, not default Next.js favicons. The `favicon.ico` does not match the default Next.js scaffold (different MD5; visual is circular monogram vs triangle). The `icon-192.png`/`icon-512.png` are custom PWA icons (not part of create-next-app template). The `home.jpg` OG image is custom (photo/colored image with dimensions 2400x1260). - However, the *filename conventions* are standard Next.js app-router: `favicon.ico` in app directory, `/icon-192.png`, `/icon-512.png` in manifest, and a cache-busting query string `?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico` is Next.js generated. But the actual artwork is custom. We should mention that I compared against the default Next.js favicon from the create-next-app template. Provide hash and sizes? The user didn't ask for extensive. Keep answer short. Also mention `home.jpg` is a custom OG image, not a favicon. Let's format: "No — the icons are custom, even though they use Next.js conventions." Then details. Need possibly also note the default Next.js favicon is the Vercel triangle; Surya's is a dark circular mark with a stylized letter/shape. We can say "likely an 'S' or personal mark". Also maybe user is asking "are they default favicons?" as in are they the ones the site uses by default (not alternate). Ambiguous? Could be "are they default (as opposed to dark mode variants)?" But after asking download, likely "are these the default favicons (or auto-generated)?" Given context, answer both maybe. Let's craft final.
No — they are custom, not the default Next.js/Vercel scaffold icons.
favicon.ico (and the matching icon-192.png / icon-512.png) is a dark circular monogram/logo, not the default Next.js triangle. I verified by comparing it to the current create-next-app template favicon; the file hashes and visuals are completely different.home.jpg is a custom Open Graph/Twitter card image (2400×1260), not a favicon at all.They are served using standard Next.js app-router conventions — e.g., the favicon.ico URL has a Next.js content-hash query (?favicon.033k9osdn009c.ico) and the manifest uses /icon-192.png / /icon-512.png — but the artwork itself is Surya’s own.